The role of the ECJ's (European Court of Justice) : the consumer who is reasonably well-informed and reasonably observant and circumspect
Essay - 14 pages - European law
The legal term of the “average consumer” was created by the European Court of Justice (ECJ) to protect the average consumer against unfair commercial practises. After the Second War World, many states were indeed inspired by Keynes's theory that aimed at division of resources...
Underground Economy in the European Union: Moonlighting
Essay - 24 pages - Economy general
The black market, also known as the underground economy, has a substantial arsenal of words to describe it: black economy, illegal economy, unreported, unrecorded, ghost, invisible economy etc. Undeclared work also falls into the category of underground economy. This consists of different...
France in NATO, in practice, not in principle?
Essay - 9 pages - Political science
In August 2011, President Nicolas Sarkozy of France praised NATO's military intervention in Libya operation, calling the Alliance "an indispensable tool" . He added that the success of the operation justified his decision to integrate France into NATO's military command in 2009, ending...
The subprime crisis in the United States and its impact on the European financial markets
Thesis - 91 pages - Economy general
It was in February 2007 that the current financial market crisis was revealed to the United States. Institutions specializing in subprime loans announced their first losses and provisions. The financial experts compiled several scenarios. Was this a temporary crisis that would correct the...
EU relations in the wake of the 21st century
Essay - 6 pages - Modern history
Eastern and Western Europe were separated in the aftermath of the Second World War by their rapprochement with one of the two great victorious powers, the USSR and the United States. Rebuild = European countries reduced their military budgets and thus find themselves at a disadvantage in...
What are the main obstacles to the EU being considered a major global actor?
Essay - 8 pages - International relations
"If I had to sum up the objective of this presidency in one sentence, I would say that we must move from a Europe of cooperation within our borders to a powerful Europe in the world, fully sovereign, free of its choices and master of its destiny." In a press conference on December 9, 2021, the...
Financial Analysis - Airbus
Financial analysis - 24 pages - Finance
Airbus Group is the European leader in aeronautics, space and defense. The group was founded in 2000 following the merger of three companies of German, French and Spanish origin. It is present throughout the world and, along with the American Boeing, is positioned as one of the two...
Intercultural management: European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company (EADS)
Case study - 13 pages - Management
During the beginning of the 90's, the European industries of aeronautics and space already cooperate in many partnerships and common programs. Soon the need for gathering seems to be essential to the concentration movements on the US market. Indeed, Northrop and Grumman merged in 1993,...
European diplomacy: from the Bismarckian System and the Realpolitik to the pre-WW1 Alliances and the Weltpolitik
Essay - 5 pages - Modern history
From 1872 to 1907, a series of alliances are formed among European major powers. The international system formed by German chancellor Bismarck in order to ensure Germany's hegemony within Europe and prevent a possible French revenge disappears in 1890. Then, the European powers...
To What Extent Have the United States and Europe Grown Closer or Further Apart After September 11?
Essay - 4 pages - International relations
September 11, 2001 appears to be a major turning point in the American management of foreign affairs. Europe, as a major partner and ally, is also impacted by this attack. The objective of our analysis will be to determine the consequences of these. Moreover, the exponential rise in power of...
European union and regulation of the peace process in the Middle East since 1991
Essay - 10 pages - International relations
Launched with the Madrid Conference in 1991, the israeli-Palestinian peace process led to the historical handshake between Yasser Arafat and Shimon Peres at the White House in Washington. American president Clinton, thus sealed the signature of a statement of principles, and reaffirmed the...
Populism: a new challenge for the European democracies?
Dissertation - 19 pages - Political science
While Europe seemed affected by a sudden rise of populist leaders (Berlusconi in Italy, UKIP in Britain, Switzerland with Brocher, France with Le Pen and De Villiers), they were alarmed by this development. Should it be considered as an epiphenomenon of populism? The question is central to the...
To what extent is the criminal justice system consistent with article 6 of the European convention on human rights?
Thesis - 6 pages - European law
At the heart of any legal system is the criminal justice system and it is a paramount that the system is fair in order to be effective—this is ensured through a fair trial, without which, the whole system would be illegitimate. We only have to look to the political ‘show trials' of the...
The Donbass, How Vladimir Putin, sower of instability, became surrounded by it
Case study - 9 pages - International relations
Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2014 was motivated by a fear of NATO's expansion and Mr Putin's pursuit of the Eurasian Economic Union, as an imagined counterweight to the European Union. The conflict started following the ousting of former Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovych....
The United States and the World: The Sources and Tools of American Foreign Policy
Course material - 8 pages - Modern history
There is undoubtedly an American exceptionalism: the US considers itself since the 18th century to be different from Europe. It has seen itself from the beginning as a universal model: the “American way of life” (linking most strongly liberal democracy and free enterprise, two notions...
What are the main institutions and actors that decide on, influence, and implement EU foreign policymaking vis-à-vis Morocco?
Essay - 7 pages - Political science
The main priorities of the European Union's external relations concern its extension to the countries of Central and Eastern Europe and its relations with the countries of the Mediterranean region which are not members of the European Union in the will to pursue a coherent...
The period from 1948 to 1953 was a phase of high intensity in Cold War history and decisively shaped the future of the European continent. Analyse the events in Europe in this period and their meaning for European integration.
Essay - 3 pages - Modern history
After World War II, Europe was destroyed and two superpowers emerged; the United States and the USSR. The United States was the only state to have the atomic bomb and used the massive weapon against Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan, and the USSR was important because of the fight against Nazi...
In defense of my faith: Christianity
Tutorials/exercises - 4 pages - Literature
Christianity was originally a Judaist social movement that emerged in the Middle East over 2000 years ago. It originated in Jerusalem at the time of the Roman population. After the death of the founder of the religion, Jesus Christ, the movement started to spread to preaching of the apostle...
A critical examination of European Union's economic policy
Thesis - 12 pages - European union
The EU's trading policy towards the rest of the world is called the Common Commercial Policy and is established under Articles 100-116 of the Treaty of Rome (Title IX Articles 131-134 of the Consolidated Treaty). “By establishing a customs union between themselves Member States aim to...
How Does the Constitutional Council Carry Out the Constitutional Review Under the Fifth Republic?
Essay - 5 pages - Constitutional law
The Constitutional Council is defined by the articles of Title VII of the 1958 Constitution. Its arrival in seventh position in the order is indicative of the lack of importance that the constitution grants it. The introduction of a jurisdiction in charge of priority preliminary rulings was...
Anatomy of the Russian disinformation campaign: understanding the complexity of a covert network as part of state policy and a military tool against Europe
Tutorials/exercises - 73 pages - Journalism
About two decades ago, it was impossible to imagine that foreign disinformation could actually affect the policy decision making or disturb social cohesion and solidarity in European countries. Back then, media outlets such as television, radio stations and newspapers enjoyed munificent...
A.1. Steak Sauce: Lawry's defense
Thesis - 7 pages - Services marketing
The aim of this report is to find how A.1 can retain its position as the market leader in the steak sauce segment in the face of growing competition with the impending launch of, the new Lawry's Steak Sauce. The report touches upon the different factors that must be kept in mind in order to be...
Geopolitics of the Iranian Country
Course material - 16 pages - Political science
Islam became more militant after the fall of the caliphate. From the beginning of the 1920s, the Syrian Rashid Rida (1865-1935) was the first to refer to the notion of the Islamic State (al-dawla islamiyya), but without proposing a systematic political program. The return to Islamic Law...
Chinese Multinational Companies' Innovation Strategies in France
Dissertation - 31 pages - Business strategy
China is changing its strategy. From the mass production of products at very low costs and quality, Chinese state is now orientating its economy in order to be able to capture a growing part of the added value and to change the international production process to its advantage. In terms of...
The Red Maestro: Leopold Trepper and the Communist European Spy Network of World War II
Essay - 11 pages - Modern history
There was obviously a good amount of rhyme and reason to the Nazi Abwehr's technical jargon. Each codename had its own justification, and worked fairly well on a metaphorical level. From calling forgers “cobblers” (due to the amount of overlap between shoemaking tools and forging...
Bulgaria and European Union: A research report
Tutorials/exercises - 22 pages - European union
The development of a global financial market transforms the individual countries' and domestic capital markets into connected single financial environment, where investors can take advantage of numerous investment opportunities. The dynamic growth and gradual integration of the Bulgarian capital...
Towards a Federation of Nation-States? - From the Milan summit to the Nice one (1985-2000)
Course material - 7 pages - Modern history
To try to describe the aim of the European Construction at the beginning of the 90ies, Jacques Delors, president of the European Commission from 1985 to 1995, invented the concept of a Federation of Nation-States. An oxymoron? What does national sovereignty become in such a system?...
The United States and the World: Bush's Second Term and Current Trends in the US Foreign Policy Establishment
Course material - 9 pages - Political life and election
After Bush's re-election in November 2004, there were some doubts about the kind of policy he would now follow, after the occupation of Iraq had revealed itself as a much more difficult undertaking than what the Administration had contemplated. Many felt at the time the President would vastly...
What Consequences did the Treaty of Trianon have on Hungary?
Essay - 4 pages - International law
After 4 years of war between 1914 and 1918, the Allies marked their victory by signing different treaties, like the Treaty of Trianon. Indeed, this treaty was signed on the fourth of June 1920 in Versailles by, on the one hand, most of the Allies (the UK, France, the USA, Italy, the Kingdom of...
In what ways conflicts between political entities in the Middle East have been shaped by the history of state formation in the area?
Essay - 6 pages - Political science
The key terms to understand such situations are "political entities" and "state formation". Speaking of political entities rather than states shows the diversity of actors that make up the political life of the Middle East and can change the configuration of the borders, ranging from paramilitary...
