Study on impeller manufacturing for centrifugal fans

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Study on impeller manufacturing for centrifugal fans

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Abstract

The Tail Rotor Spindle is the one of the main component in the Helicopters. The helicopters are used for transportation, for construction, for firefighting, search and rescue, and a variety of other jobs that requires its special capabilities.

Helicopters are the most versatile flying machines in existence today. This versatility gives the pilot complete access to three-dimensional space in a way that no airplane can. If you have ever flown in a helicopter you know that its abilities are exhilarating.

The amazing flexibility of helicopters means that they can fly almost anywhere. However, it also means that flying the machines is complicated. The pilot has to think in three dimensions and must use both arms and both legs constantly to keep a helicopter in the air. Piloting a helicopter requires a great deal of training and skill, as well as continuous attention to the machine.

Helicopters are classified as rotorcraft or rotary-wing aircraft to distinguish them from fixed-wing aircraft because the helicopter derives its source of lift from the rotor blades rotating around a mast. The word 'helicopter' is adapted from the French hélicoptère, coined by Gustave de Ponton d'Amecourt in 1861. It is linked to the Greek words helix/helik= "spiral" or "turning" and pteron = "wing".

Introduction.
1. Helicopter.
2. Uses of helicopters.
3. How helicopters fly.
Helicopter rotor system.
1. Single main rotor.
2. The main rotor.
3. The tail rotor.
4. Metrology of tail rotor spindle.
5. Material used for tail rotor spindle.
6. Applications of titanium alloy.
Overview of machining technology.
1. Common machining operation.
Process of machininf a titanium alloy block into a tail rotor spindle.
1. Sequence of operations.
Conclusion.
Bibliography.

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[...] This creates the ability for the helicopter to take off and land vertically without the need for runways. For this reason, helicopters are often used in congested or isolated areas where fixed-wing aircraft are not able to take off or land. The lift from the rotor also allows the helicopter to hover in one area and to do so more efficiently than other forms of vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) aircraft, allowing it to accomplish tasks that fixed-wing aircraft are unable to perform. [...]

[...] Forging operation is performed on the titanium alloy block 2. Then turning operation is done on the fork to get the desired dimensions 3. A hole of 23x59 depth is drilled on the turned surface 4. Milling operations is performed on the inner faces 75x57 mm by using 160mm milling cutter 5. Followed by the milling operation heat treatment process is done on the job 6. A hole of 2.5 mm diameter is drilled on the center of the fork and the edges of the fork end are chamfered to 1.5 x The fork diameter is reduced to 39mm by turning 8. [...]

[...] In this heat treatment process the pre heat treatment is been carried out on tail rotor spindle in air circulating furnace by maintaining constant temperature of 450°c for the duration of one hour. By increasing the constant temperature of 450°c to 650°c the pre-heat treatment process again carried out on the job in the muffle for the duration of 45 minutes. The Austenising treatment process is then carried out on the tail rotor spindle in air circulating furnace by increasing the temperature to 825°c for the time duration of 30-40 minutes. [...]

[...] On some larger helicopters, intermediate gearboxes are used to transition the tail rotor drive shaft from along the tail boom or tail cone to the top of the tail rotor pylon, which also serves as a vertical stabilizing airfoil to alleviate the power requirement for the tail rotor in forward flight. It may also serve to provide limited antitorque within certain airspeed ranges in the event that the tail rotor or the tail rotor flight controls fail. The adjustability of the tail rotor is straightforward what you want is the ability to change the angle of attack on the tail rotor wings so that you can use the tail rotor to rotate the helicopter on the drive shaft's axis Material used for tail rotor spindle The material used for the making the tail rotor spindle is the titanium alloy. [...]

[...] Fig-9 Lathe machine operations Different types of operations on the lathe Lathe: - The lathe is used for producing cylindrical work. The workpiece is rotated while the cutting tool movement is controlled by the machine. The lathe may be used for boring, drilling, tapping, turning, facing, threading, polishing, grooving, knurling, trepanning. Turning: - Turning is a lathe operation in which the cutting tool removes metal from the outside diameter of a workpiece. A workpiece may be held in a or 6 jaw chuck, collets or may also be held between centers. [...]

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