This experiment which was conducted in order to closely examine fluid flow characteristics was carried out in three stages. The apparatus that were under investigation in order were, Obstruction Meters, a Rotameter and a Circular Duct. The basic underlying principle for this experiment was the fluid flow through various different outlets such as nozzles, circular ducts, orifices etc. One of the main physical laws that were taken in to consideration was the Bernoulli's principle which is discussed further in section 4.0 of the report.
Another commonly used principle in this experiment was the equation of continuity. Based on this physical concept of cross-sectional area and flow velocity, the initial velocity for almost all cases was considered to be zero because the initial area was infinite compared to the ducts, nozzles and orifices that were considered. Since the velocity is inversely proportional to the area according to the principle of continuity only the velocities through the parts under consideration were taken in to account.
It was assumed that there were no leaks of any sort, through out the experiment which gave rise to the principle of conservation of mass flow rate, which in turn lead to constant volume flows. Another notable factor is that manometry was used extensively and legibly throughout the experiment.
[...] Since the mass flow is conserved and it was assumed that there were no leaks the nozzle flow rate was assumed to be the same as the orifice flow rate, which in turn gives rise to Qactual of the orifice from equation Then with the aid of equation the discharge coefficient of the orifice was calculated. Two plots were generated to represent the mass flow rate of the system vs. pressure drop. Finally the constants ‘k' and ‘n' were determined as stated by equation by adding a ‘power trend line in excel to the two plots generated before. [...]
[...] Actual values obtained were compared to the theoretical values and observations were made which in turn initiated the calculation of useful constants Experimental Setup & Procedure 4.1 Obstruction Meter The obstruction meter containing two long flow nozzles arranged in a plenum chamber which is in series with an orifice plate was used in this experiment in order to attain several useful parameters and values. A small nozzle of diameter 1.265 E-02m ( 4.98 E-01 a medium nozzle of diameter 2.53 E-02m ( 9.96 E-01 in) and an orifice of diameter 2.0269 E-02 m ( 7.98 E-01 in) were investigated under different pressure conditions. [...]
[...] Equation above was used to calculate ‘v2' where as ‘v1' was considered to be zero as the area through which the flow was considered was large compared to that of ‘v2' therefore according to the equation of continuity velocity through the orifice is comparatively large. A1V1 = A2V2 In order to calculate the mass flow rate, the following equation was made use of. where the density of air, velocity ‘v2', the area of the orifice and the coefficient of discharge ‘Cd' were considered. [...]
[...] Ѓ = ยต*v/D F = 8*τ/ ρ*v2 It was observed how the measured values of the velocity profile compared with the theoretical values and the flow was analyzed in order to determine whether its laminar or turbulent Results and Discussion 5.1 Obstruction Meters Table 1 shown below displays the numerical values obtained for the small nozzle in the calculation of mass flow rate. Table 2 shown below displays the numerical values obtained for the medium nozzle in the calculation of mass flow rate. [...]
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