Principles of Cellular Electrophysiology
Tutorials/exercises - 3 pages - Biology
Resting Membrane Potential In nerve cells, potassium ions (K+) are at higher concentration inside the membrane than outside whereas the opposite is true for sodium (Na+), calcium (Ca2+), and chloride (Cl-) ions (Fig. 1.9-1). The bulk solutions on either side of the membrane are electrically...
Receptors and Second Messengers
Tutorials/exercises - 11 pages - Biology
Neuropeptide receptors have undergone the same process of discovery and characterization that receptors for other neurotransmitters have enjoyed. The process begins with the pharmacological characterization of the receptor's physicochemical binding properties by assessing the affinity of...
Neuropeptides: Biology and Regulation
Tutorials/exercises - 7 pages - Biology
The past several decades have witnessed a veritable explosion of knowledge about the central nervous system (CNS), and in no area has this been as impressive as in peptide neurobiology. Numerous peptide neurotransmitter candidates have been identified and characterized, their CNS distributions...
Physiology of Pregnancy
Tutorials/exercises - 4 pages - Medical studies
Endometrium/decidua is the anatomical site of blastocyst apposition, implantation, and placental development. The endometrium is the mucosal lining of the uterine cavity and the decidua is the highly modified and specialized endometrium of pregnancy. From an evolutionary perspective, the human...
Gas Chromatography
Case study - 4 pages - Physics
Chromatography is a technique used to separate and analyze chemicals. It was initially discovered in the early 1900's by chemist Mikhail Tsvett who was researching chlorophyll to separate plant pigments.1 The components undergoing separation are divided into two phases, a stationary phase, and a...
Pinus strobus - Eastern White Pine
Presentation - 26 pages - Biology
Common: Eastern White Pine Scientific: Pinus strobus Derivation of name: Latin name for pine from Greek "pitus" / incense-bearing or a gum-yielding tree (pitchy) or [sic] Greek "strobus" (cone) [1] Also known as: white pine, northern white pine, northern pine, ship-mast pine, soft pine, pin...
Mites
Tutorials/exercises - 4 pages - Biology
Mites make up the largest group in the class Arachnida. Most are small arthropods, and many are barely visible. Mites have two body regions, a small cephalothorax and a larger, unsegmented abdomen. The cephalothorax and abdomen are broadly joined, giving most mites an oblong to globular...
Lice
Tutorials/exercises - 2 pages - Biology
Lice are small wingless insects that are ectoparasites of mammals. They are mostly host specific, and two species are human parasites: Pthirus pubis (pubic louse) and Pediculus humanus, with two varieties, P. h. capitis (head louse) and P. h. corporis (body louse). They are obligatory parasites,...
Bees, Wasps and Ants
Thesis - 4 pages - Biology
By far the most important venomous insects are members of the order Hymenoptera, including bees, wasps, and ants. They vary in size from minute to large (up to 60 mm in body length). The abdomen and thorax are connected by a slender pedicle that may be quite long in certain wasps and ants. Bees...
Venomous Species and Venoms
Tutorials/exercises - 2 pages - Biology
Insects of the order Lepidoptera typically cause human envenomation, but effects generally are less serious than with hymenopterans. Injury usually follows contact with caterpillars, occurring less frequently with the cocoon or adult stage. The larval lepidopteran (caterpillar) is usually free...
Diptera: Two-winged flies
Tutorials/exercises - 5 pages - Biology
Insects of the order Diptera are characterized by one pair of wings. The second pair is usually modified to form a pair of drumsticklike structures known as halteres. A typical life cycle consists of eggs, limbless larvae, pupae, and winged adults, but numerous variations exist. Mouthparts are...
Wasting Away
Essay - 2 pages - Medical studies
Over the centuries, numerous scientists have devoted their lives to curing the ailments that have plagued mankind. While some diseases (such as polio) have been heroically defeated, others still kill millions of people every year. HIV/AIDS, Ebola, and Influenza, are just some of the many diseases...
Human Pregnancy
Essay - 2 pages - Medical studies
Healthier mothers and babies ranks as one of the 10 great public health achievements in the United States between 1900 and 1999. At the beginning of the century, almost 1 in every 100 women giving birth in this country died of pregnancy-related complications, and nearly 1 of 10 infants died...
Perspectives on Obstetrics
Essay - 3 pages - Medical studies
Medical writers have recently turned to the opening line of Charles Dickens's A Tale of Two Cities to describe these prevailing times in medicine and obstetrics as "the best of times. . . the worst of times. . ." (Grumbach, 1999; Morrison, 2000). Why are these times at once the best and worst...
Scorpion Envenomation
Tutorials/exercises - 2 pages - Biology
Scorpion envenomation can result in distinct clinical syndromes. Most scorpion species' stings cause only local pain and inflammation that respond well to minimal supportive therapy and wound care. These scorpions pose no significant management issues and, with few exceptions, are not...
North American Venomous Reptile Bites
Tutorials/exercises - 2 pages - Biology
North America is unique in that it is home not only to venomous snakes, but also to the world's only known venomous lizards. Fortunately, bites by venomous reptiles in North America are relatively uncommon, although precise statistics are not available. The only systematic attempt to evaluate...
North American Arthropod Envenomation and Parasitism
Tutorials/exercises - 2 pages - Biology
The phylum Arthropoda contains about four fifths of the known animals of the world, and insects are the largest group of arthropods. Insects are an important part of the biota of all terrestrial and freshwater environments that support life; only in marine environments are they relatively...
Neuropsychiatric Aspects of Aging
Tutorials/exercises - 3 pages - Medical studies
The process of aging produces important physiologic changes in the central nervous system, including neuroanatomic, neurotransmitter, and neurophysiologic changes. These processes result in age-related symptoms and manifestations for many older persons. These physiologic changes develop at...
Mushroom Toxicity
Tutorials/exercises - 3 pages - Biology
Mushrooms are often considered the vermin of the vegetable world, likened to snakes, slugs, and worms. Some are regarded as mystical and others as delicacies. The location of tasty morels is passed from generation to generation, closely guarded from strangers. Each autumn and spring, foragers...
Toxic Plant Ingestions
Tutorials/exercises - 6 pages - Biology
Plants have served as both poisons and medicines. Dioscorides listed several hundred plant species in his first Materia Medica in 78 BC. Galen, in second-century Rome, catalogued plants, including those containing opiates, ergotamines, and other alkaloids. Pharmacognosy was established as an...
The Effect of Ampicillin Amounts and Incubation Time on E. Coli Growth
Tutorials/exercises - 5 pages - Biology
Penicillin, derived from the soil mold Penicillium, was the primary antibiotic used to cure bacterial infections after being discovered in 1928 by Alexander Fleming. Briefly following its discovery and mass production bacteria began expressing resistance to this Nobel Prize winning medical...
Generating Electricity
Presentation - 10 pages - Physics
The blade of a turbine is tilted an angle. Movement of the air is channeled creating low and high pressures on the blade that force it to move. The blade is connected to a shaft which in turn is connected to an electrical generator. The mechanical energy of the turning blades is changed into...
Bear Attacks
Tutorials/exercises - 5 pages - Biology
Bears are one of the most widely distributed animals in the world. At least one of the eight bear species currently exists in Asia, Europe, North and South America, and the Arctic. Bears in Africa became extinct several million years ago. Australia and Antarctica are the only continents where...
Development in LSD Synthesis
Essay - 3 pages - Physics
LSD, the common abbreviation for Lysergic Acid Diethylamide-25, often termed “acid” in the streets, is one of the most potent hallucinogenic substances known to man. The chemical was actually synthesized for the first time in 1938 by a German scientist named Albert Hoffman. However, in...
Crohn's Disease
Essay - 2 pages - Medical studies
Crohn's Disease is a form of ileitis, or inflammation of the ileum, which is the terminal portion of the small intestine. It is characterized by abdominal pain, ulceration, and fibrous tissue buildup in the terminal portion of the ileum. This is a relatively new disease, with proper medical...
Fermentation Lab Report
Case study - 4 pages - Biology
Cells need energy to do work to carry out metabolic processes that keep them alive and functioning. This energy is stored in the form of ATP, which stands for adenosine triphosphate. All plant and animal cells use a process known as cellular respiration to make ATP from carbohydrates. Plant cells...
Bacterial transformation lab report
Case study - 2 pages - Medical studies
Bacterial transformation is the transforming of a bacterial cell using plasmids spliced with various types of DNA from other cells (Miyazaki, 201). Instead of a nucleus with chromosomes, bacterial cells have one large circular chromosome in their cell. They also have much smaller rings of DNA...
Osmolarity and Body Volume
Case study - 3 pages - Medical studies
Water comprises a very large part of an organism's body. The delicate balances within the systems of an organism involve the concentrations of, to name a few, Na+, K+, Cl-, and Ca2+ salts (Dilger and Collins, p. 9). There are two types of fluids within organisms; the ICF (intracellular fluid) and...
Frog CV Lab Report
Case study - 3 pages - Medical studies
One of the most important organs in the body is the heart. Of course, this organ is of great importance not only in humans but in all vertebrates. Blood, which carries nutrients, oxygen, and wastes from organ to organ within the body is pumped by the heart. Without the heart's pumping action,...
Reflex Physiology Lab Report
Case study - 4 pages - Medical studies
Our experiment was concerned with the reflex response in humans, and how it compares to a voluntary neural pathway as well as how it is enhanced by what is known as the Jendrassik Maneuver. Our hypothesis was that the reflex response would be faster than the voluntary response, and that with the...
