What is Cholecystitis?

Ayush K.

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What is Cholecystitis?

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Cholecystitis, inflammation, acute cholecystitis, gallbladder, gallstones

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Cholecystitis or acute cholecystitis is caused due to the inflammation of the gallbladder, usually this happens when a gallstone blocks the cystic duct. Acute cholecystitis can be divided into two types, calculous and acalculous cholecystitis (NHS Inform, 2019). The main opening of the gallbladder is the cystic duct, gallstones are usually made up of cholesterol and form in the gallbladder. A common symptom of cholecystitis is sudden sharp pain in the upper right side of the abdomen, the affected part of the abdomen is usually tender (NHS Choices, 2019).

What is Cholecystitis?
How common is this condition?
What are gallstones and how are they formed? Why do they often cause pain in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen?
What are the major risk factors of gallstones?
Why should patients with gallstones avoid fatty or large meals?
How does cholestasis result in jaundice and the associated symptoms pruritus, dark urine and pale stools?
The typical treatment for gallstones is a laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Briefly describe this technique and the histopathology preparatory steps to examine this tissue.

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[...] 2023]. - Tholey, D. and Kimmel, S. (n.d.). Cholestasis - Liver and Gallbladder Disorders. [online] MSD Manual Consumer Version. Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/en-gb/home/liver-and-gallbladder-disorders/manifestations-of-liver-disease/cholestasis. - WebMD (2004). Gallstones: What You Should Know. [online] WebMD. Available at: https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/gallstones. - Webpath. (n.d.). Histotechniques. [online] Available at: https://webpath.med.utah.edu/HISTHTML/HISTOTCH/HISTOTCH.html#5 [Accessed 21 Feb. 2023]. [...]

[...] Available at: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/gallstones/prevention/. - NHS Choices (2019). Acute cholecystitis. [online] NHS. Available at: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/acute-cholecystitis/ [Accessed 21 Feb. 2023]. - NHS Inform (2019). Acute cholecystitis symptoms and treatments. [online] Nhsinform.scot. Available at: https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/stomach-liver-and-gastrointestinal-tract/acute-cholecystitis [Accessed 21 Feb. 2023]. - O'Dougherty, G. and Calhoun, B. (2019). Acute Cholecystitis - National Organization for Rare Disorders. [online] rarediseases.org. Available at: https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/cholecystitis/?filter=complete-report [Accessed 21 Feb. 2023]. [...]

[...] doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.325.7365.639. - Johns Hopkins Medicine. (2020). Gallstones. [online] Available at: https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/gallstones. - Majumder, A., Altieri, M.S. and Brunt, L.M. (2020). How do I do it: laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Annals of Laparoscopic and Endoscopic Surgery, [online] 5(0). doi:https://doi.org/10.21037/ales.2020.02.06. - Mayo Clinic (2021). Gallstones - Symptoms and causes. [online] Mayo Clinic. Available at: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gallstones/symptoms-causes/syc-20354214. - NHS (2018). Gallstones - Prevention. [online] nhs.uk. [...]

[...] This is done by using xylenes to alcohol to water. Without removing the paraffin no staining can be done. Various dyes can be used but a common one is called H & E (hematoxylin and eosion). After staining the tissue it needs to be covered with a cover slip to prevent the tissue facing any damage and to provide better visuals under the microscope, this is the last step and now the tissue is ready to be seen under a microscope (Webpath, n.d.). [...]

[...] What are the major risk factors of gallstones? There are multiple major risk factors for gallstones such as - having a family history of them, being a female, age greater than 40, obesity, diet high in fat and cholesterol but low in fiber, less exercise, diabetic, pregnancy, usage of birth control pills or hormone replacement therapy, having a disease such as Crohn's disease, losing weight rapidly, dieting (WebMD, 2004). Genetics play a role in developing gallstones, there is a 25% risk of developing gallstones if there is a family history. [...]

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