Urinary system, renal function, anatomy, physiology, lab experiment
The mammalian urinary tract is an organ system that primarily functions in collecting, transporting, storing, and eliminating urine from the body in a series of complex steps that are highly coordinated. The constant filtration and flow of blood and urine within the renal system, i.e. in the upper urinary tract and lower urinary tract, ensures an effective elimination of urine, getting rid of excess fluids, ions, toxins, and metabolic wastes from the body as well as getting rid of microbes that could have gained access to the urinary tract (Hickling et al., 2015).
[...] The end of each urine reagent strip was dipped in the urine sample, withdrawn, and excess urine removed against the rim of the urine specimen container. After 30 seconds, the observations made were documented in the Laboratory Data Table. For the glucose test, a change in color by the darkening of the test square indicated the presence of glucose with an increasing contrast depicting the level of glucose. No color change depicted a negative result. For the protein test, a color change to green or blue illustrated the presence of proteins, while no change in color manifested a negative protein result. [...]
[...] The Kidneys-Position-Structure-Vasculature-TeachMeAnatomy. Retrieved April from https://teachmeanatomy.info/abdomen/viscera/kidney/ Maria Liman, & Jialal, I. (n.d.). Physiology, Glycosuria-StatPearls-NCBI Bookshelf. Retrieved April from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557441/ Milani, D. (2023). Urinalysis-StatPearls-NCBI Bookshelf. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557685/ Urine specific gravity as an indicator of dehydration in Olympic combat sport athletes; considerations for research and practice-PubMed. (n.d.). [...]
[...] More so, the specific urine gravity depicts the hydration status. Low specific urine gravity below 1.003 illustrates over-hydration or excessive intake of fluid, while high specific urine gravity above 1.032 suggests dehydration. Specific urine gravity also reflects the ability of the kidney to concentrate urine et al., 2018). Urine pH determines the level of acidity or alkalinity of urine. The normal urine pH ranges from 4.5 to 8.0, with a low pH indicating acidic urine and a high pH indicating alkaline urine. [...]
[...] Urine specific gravity as an indicator of dehydration in Olympic combat sport athletes; considerations for research and practice. European Journal of Sport Science, 18(7). https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2018.1468483 ER Services. (2024). Physical Characteristics of Urine Anatomy and Physiology II. https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-ap2/chapter/physical-characteristics-of-urine/ HICKLING, D. R., SUN, T.-T., & WU, X.-R. (2015). Anatomy and Physiology of the Urinary Tract: Relation to Host Defense and Microbial Infection. Microbiology Spectrum, 10.1128/microbiolspec.UTI-0016-2012. https://doi.org/10.1128/microbiolspec.UTI-0016-2012 Jones, O. (n.d.). [...]
[...] The High urine sample and unknown sample A tested positive for glucose. Unknown sample B and the High sample tested positive for proteins. Figures and 4 represent the observations made during the test. Figure 3 Urine Test Low Normal High Unknown A Unknown B Color clear bright yellow dark yellow brown clear pH 3 6 7 3 8 Specific Gravity -0.004 0.015 0.026 0.066 0.056 Glucose no no yes yes no Protein no no yes no yes Figure 4 III. [...]
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