Heart failure is a heterogeneous syndrome in which an abnormality of cardiac function is responsible for the inability of the heart to pump blood at an output sufficient to meet the requirements of metabolizing tissues or to do so only at abnormally elevated diastolic pressures or volumes.
Heart failure may occur as a result of impaired myocardial contractility (systolic dysfunction, characterized as reduced left ventricular ejection fraction); increased ventricular stiffness or impaired myocardial relaxation (diastolic dysfunction, which often is associated with a preserved left ventricular ejection fraction).
[...] HEART FAILURE: PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND DIAGNOSIS HEART FAILURE Definition Heart failure is a heterogeneous syndrome in which an abnormality of cardiac function is responsible for the inability of the heart to pump blood at an output sufficient to meet the requirements of metabolizing tissues or to do so only at abnormally elevated diastolic pressures or volumes. The heart failure syndrome is characterized by signs and symptoms of intravascular and interstitial volume overload, including shortness of breath, rales, and edema, and/or manifestations of inadequate tissue perfusion, such as impaired exercise tolerance, fatigue, and renal dysfunction. [...]
[...] HEART FAILURE: PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND DIAGNOSIS HEART FAILURE Definition Heart failure is a heterogeneous syndrome in which an abnormality of cardiac function is responsible for the inability of the heart to pump blood at an output sufficient to meet the requirements of metabolizing tissues or to do so only at abnormally elevated diastolic pressures or volumes. The heart failure syndrome is characterized by signs and symptoms of intravascular and interstitial volume overload, including shortness of breath, rales, and edema, and/or manifestations of inadequate tissue perfusion, such as impaired exercise tolerance, fatigue, and renal dysfunction. [...]
[...] In post-MI patients, ß-blockers, antihyperlipidemic agents, antithrombotic therapy, and coronary revascularization can prevent the development of heart failure. In patients with reduced ejection fractions, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and ß-blockers prevent or delay progressive left ventricular dysfunction and dilation and the onset or worsening of heart failure. Pathogenesis DIFFERING MECHANISMS OF HEART FAILURE Heart failure is a syndrome that may result from many cardiac and systemic disorders. Some of these disorders, at least initially, do not involve the heart, and the term heart failure may be confusing. [...]
[...] HEART FAILURE: PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND DIAGNOSIS HEART FAILURE Definition Heart failure is a heterogeneous syndrome in which an abnormality of cardiac function is responsible for the inability of the heart to pump blood at an output sufficient to meet the requirements of metabolizing tissues or to do so only at abnormally elevated diastolic pressures or volumes. The heart failure syndrome is characterized by signs and symptoms of intravascular and interstitial volume overload, including shortness of breath, rales, and edema, and/or manifestations of inadequate tissue perfusion, such as impaired exercise tolerance, fatigue, and renal dysfunction. [...]
[...] The heart failure syndrome is characterized by signs and symptoms of intravascular and interstitial volume overload, including shortness of breath, rales, and edema, and/or manifestations of inadequate tissue perfusion, such as impaired exercise tolerance, fatigue, and renal dysfunction. Heart failure may occur as a result of impaired myocardial contractility (systolic dysfunction, characterized as reduced left ventricular ejection fraction); increased ventricular stiffness or impaired myocardial relaxation (diastolic dysfunction, which often is associated with a preserved left ventricular ejection fraction). A variety of other cardiac abnormalities (including obstructive or regurgitant valvular disease, intracardiac shunting, or disorders of heart rate or rhythm); or states in which the heart is unable to compensate for increased peripheral blood flow or metabolic requirements. [...]
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