Cervical Cell Carcinoma

Ayush K.

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Cervical Cell Carcinoma

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University of Greenwich, HPV Human Papillomavirus, sexually active people, pathology, cervical cancer, health, mortality rates, biopsies, histopathological examination, cervical carcinoma, antibodies, process, physiology

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Abstract

Lasting HPV (Human Papillomavirus) are known to cause more than 99% of all cervical cancers. Approximately 500,000 new cases of cervical cancer and 250,000 deaths due to cervical cancer are recorded every year worldwide. Majority of the cases (80%) are reported in developing countries. Women from low-resource areas have a higher mortality rate due to the increase in disparity in evidence-based care. Women with no screening history in the past 5 years and those who do not follow up after the identification of a precancerous cervical lesion have a higher mortality (Fowler et al., 2024). Cervical cancer has become the 4th most diagnosed cancer and the 4th leading cause of cancer related deaths in women.

Describe in detail the incidence, and the etiology of cervical carcinoma, identifying the different stages
Critically describe the current investigations, focusing on pathology sampling, which are used to diagnose cervical carcinomas
Describe in detail the histopathological preparatory steps to examine any biopsies/dissections that are taken during investigation for cervical carcinomas
Immunohistochemistry is routinely used to determine specificity and identification of disease: describe in detail all steps of this technique and identify current common biological markers for cervical carcinomas
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[...] P., Dunton, C. J. and Maani, E. V. (2024) Cervical Cancer, In Cervical Cancer, StatPearls Publishing, [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431093/#:~:text=Every%20year%2C%20there%20are%20more,die%20yearly%20from%20cervical%20cancer. (Accessed 12 March 2024). Gurina, T. S. and Simms, Lary. (2022) Histology, Staining - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf, StatPearls Publishing LLC. Jain, M. A. and Limaiem, F. (2020) Cancer, Cervical Intraepithelial Squamous Cell Lesion, StatPearls. Kim, S. [...]

[...] I. and Omelchuk, N. N. (2021) Cervical carcinoma: Oncobiology and biomarkers, International Journal of Molecular Sciences. World Health Organization (2006) Comprehensive Cervical Cancer Control. A guide to essential practice, WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data. Zhang, S., Qiao, Y., Zhang, L. and Xu, H. (2020) Cervical cancer: Epidemiology, risk factors and screening, Chinese Journal of Cancer Research, [online] Available at: https://www.mendeley.com/catalogue/ef74a96d-cb6c-36d3-b3a6-3534d9206994/ (Accessed 12 March 2024). [...]

[...] W., Roh, J. and Park, C. S. (2016) Immunohistochemistry for pathologists: Protocols, pitfalls, and tips, Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine. Leslie R. Boyd, F. M. M. (2020) Cervical Cancer Treatment (PDQ®): Patient Version, National Cancer Institute. Maniar, K. P. and Wei, J.-J. (2017) Pathology of Cervical Carcinoma, The Global Library of Women's Medicine. National Cancer Institute (2022) Cervical Cancer Stages, National Cancer Institute, [online] Available at: https://www.cancer.gov/types/cervical/stages (Accessed 15 March 2024). Petignat, P. [...]

[...] and Roy, M. (2007) Diagnosis and management of cervical cancer, British Medical Journal. Selves, J., Long-Mira, E., Mathieu, M. C., Rochaix, P. and Ilié, M. (2018) Immunohistochemistry for diagnosis of metastatic carcinomas of unknown primary site, Cancers. Shweel, M. A., Abdel-Gawad, Enas A., Abdel-Gawad, Ehab Ali, Abdelghany, H. S., Abdel-Rahman, A. M. and Ibrahim, E. M. (2012) Uterine Cervical Malignancy: Diagnostic Accuracy of MRI with Histopathologic Correlation, Journal of Clinical Imaging Science, 2. Volkova, L. V., Pashov, A. [...]

[...] Samples that need to be stored should be protected from oxidisation with the help of vacuum storage and or paraffin coating. Formation of methylene bridges and the cross-linking of amino groups with molecules nearby cause the antibody binding epitopes to be masked. Due to this antigen retrieval is carried out. HIER or heat induced epitope retrieval is the most used method for this. To apply heat generally a microwave oven and an autoclave is used. The autoclave is set at 120?C at full pressure and the microwave is set at 750-800 W both for 10 minutes. [...]

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