Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) was established in 1954 as a public sector enterprise under the Ministry of Defense. BEL, a premier Professional Electronics Company of India, has established and nurtured a strong in-house R&D base over the years to emerge and remain as a market leader in the chosen areas of business in professional electronics. Each of the nine manufacturing units of BEL has its own in-house R&D Division to develop new products in its field of operations. In its quest for technical excellence, BEL has set up independent R&D divisions in each of its nine units and strengthened them over time. A continuous effort, BEL to improve its technology base has resulted in a wide range of more than 350 products. Realizing the need for an indigenous base for strategic components; design, development and manufacture of defense grade electronic components are taken up, as also general-purpose components for entertainment electronics sector. BEL in association with ‘Defense Research and Development Organization' (DRDO) laboratory has made tremendous development in the field of Radar technology. In the defense communication technique, BEL is in the final stages of introducing Radio Communication equipment with frequency hopping for the services. The ability to manufacture command.
[...] This structure holds socket address information for many types of sockets: struct sockaddr { unsigned short sa_family; address family, AF_xxx char sa_data[14]; 14 bytes of protocol address sa_family can be a variety of things, but it'll be AF_INET for everything we do in this document. sa_data contains a destination address and port number for the socket. This is rather unwieldy since you don't want to tediously pack the address in the sa_data by hand. To deal with struct sockaddr, programmers created a parallel structure: struct sockaddr_in for "Internet".) struct sockaddr_in { short int sin_family; Address family unsigned short int sin_port; Port number struct in_addr sin_addr; Internet address unsigned char sin_zero[8]; Same size as struct sockaddr This structure makes it easy to reference elements of the socket address. [...]
[...] It allows you to cut off communication in a certain direction, or both ways (just like close() does.) Synopsis: int shutdown(int sockfd, int how); sockfd is the socket file descriptor you want to shutdown, and how is one of the following: 0 Further receives are disallowed 1 Further sends are disallowed 2 Further sends and receives are disallowed (like close()) shutdown() returns 0 on success, and on error (with errno set accordingly.) If you deign to use shutdown() on unconnected datagram sockets, it will simply make the socket unavailable for further send() and recv() calls (remember that you can use these if you connect() your datagram socket.) It's important to note that shutdown() doesn't actually close the file descriptor--it just changes its usability. [...]
[...] The pace of development and technological obsolescence in the field of electronics necessitates a strong Research and Development base. This is all the more important in the area of Defense Electronics. BEL Ghaziabad has since its inception laid a heavy emphasis on indigenous Research and Development. About 70% of its manufacture today relate to items developed in-house. For the development and production of the Mobile Troposcatter System and the IFF equipment, BEL was awarded the Gold Shield for Import Substitution. [...]
[...] The etching process is the chemical process in which the etching solution is made up of a number of chemicals which are able to dissolve the copper and hence remove it from the surface. After crossing the etching unit to deactivate the etching solution present on the board it is cleaned in the liquid ammonia. After this the boards are rinsed in water and dried. The etching solution comprise of ammonium carbonate + ammonium chloride + cupric chloride + ammonia. [...]
[...] This created a lot of confusion and difficulty in case there was any repair or rework to be done. It was very difficult to track any connection by simply looking at it and doing a repairing job was a hard and tedious process. This was easy by the arrival of PCB's as they had entire circuit printed on them. This made the circuit neat, easily understandable, simpler and free from zigzag network of wires. With the use of PCB's large circuits can be realized on a small piece of board. [...]
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