Analysis of the experiments conducted in the study of micro biology

Shaharu B.

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Analysis of the experiments conducted in the study of micro biology

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What is microbiology? Why would any student enroll in microbiology? Now that you were told to take microbiology or now that you selected microbiology; it is important that you know what to expect. Microbiology is the study of science of (-logy) small (micro) life (bios). Biology was first used in 1802 and termed the "study of life." Small living organisms include animals like ticks, flukes, and lice; plants like pondweed or Lemna; fungi like ringworm and yeast; protists including Ameba, Paramecium, and many algae; bacteria which include E. coli, Streptococcus, and Staphylococcus; and viruses.

We must remember that microorganisms are living and share the characteristics associated with all living organisms including humans like yourself. Just think of a microbe as a "small person;" and then you will remember the characteristics of life or living organisms. Living organisms are composed of one or many cells; they carry on or perform cell metabolism or chemical activity; microbes grow, often increasing in size; microbes respond to the environment and any stimuli that might be present and or change; and also microbes reproduce. It is often during this reproductive process when microbes are most vulnerable and can be controlled.

Definition
Characteristics and size
Classifying the microbes
Importance of microbes
1. Beneficial
2. Harmful
Biogenesis
Isolation of bacteria from human skin
Bacterial staining
1. Meaning of bacteria
2. Properties
3. Classification
Gram stain
1. History and how it works
2. Purposes
3. Principle
Indole production test
1. Introduction
2. Procedure
3. Observation
Methyl red test
1. Procedure and result
Voges-Proskaver test
1. Aim and procedure
Citrate utilization test
Hydrogen sulphide production test
Catalase test
Blood group determination: Slide agglutination
1. Human blood grouping
Widal test
Urine protein
Heat test for protein
Sulphosalicylic acid test
Ketone bodies
Nitroprusside test
Urine glucose

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[...] Sulphosalicylic Acid Test Principle Sulphosalicylic acid solution precipitates any protein in the urine specimen irrespective of the type albumin or Bence Jones. It is an anion precipitate that works by the neutralization of the protein cation. This method is more sensitive and reliable than the heat method. It can detect 5 to 10 mg/dL of protein in urine specimen. Reagent Sulphosalicylic acid; dissolve in distilled water in a beaker, and pour quantitatively into a 1-litre volumetric flask. Dilute to 1000ml with distilled or deionized water. [...]

[...] URINE PROTEIN Clinical Significance One of the important tests in routine urine analysis is to detect the presence of protein. Normal urine contains only traces of protein (albumin) and increased discharge of albumin in urine (referred to as “proteinuria” urine may be correlated with findings of casts in the urinary sediment as part of their eventual diagnosis. In cases in the urinary sediment as part of the eventual diagnosis. In cases of renal disease, it is essential that the diagnosis be made and treatment started as soon as possible to prevent extensive and permanent renal damage. [...]

[...] As cultures age, especially in the case of gram-positive cells, the organisms tend to lose their ability to retain the primary stain and may appear to be gram-variable; that is, some cells will appear purple, while others will appear red. MATERIALS Cultures: 24-hour nutrient agar slant cultures of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus cereus. Reagents: Crystal violet, Gram's iodine, 95%ethyl alcohol, and Safranin. Equipment: Bunsen burner, inoculating loop or needle, staining tray, glass slides, bibulous paper, lens paper and microscope. [...]

[...] In addition, there are modifications of the Gram stain that allow morphologic analysis of eukaryotic cells in clinical specimens. PURPOSES To become familiar with The chemical and theoretical bases for differential staining procedures. The chemical basis of the gram stain. Performance of the procedure for differentiating between the two principal groups of bacteria: gram-positive and gram-negative. PRINCIPLE Differential staining requires the use of at least three chemical reagents that are applied sequentially to a heat-fixed smear. The first reagent is called the primary stain. [...]

[...] When we give the size of a microbe, we use the metric system so we do not say one-thirty second of an inch, 1/10,000 of a foot, or other sizes in units like inches, feet, or yards. Measuring microbes uses a unit called the micron. A micron is 1/1000 of a millimeter (mm.) or we can say there are 1000 microns in a millimeter. Could you see an organisms 1 mm. in size? For most, probably all, of us the answer is a definite "yes." CLASSIFYING THE MICROBES Several characteristics are used to describe a living organism; and some of the primary (most important) characteristics include size, complexity, motility, nutritional habits, and location of the DNA. [...]

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