Mosquitoes are among the best-known groups of insects, because of their importance to man as pests and vectors of some of the most distressing human diseases. They are the most important insect vectors of human diseases and the most common of blood sucking arthropods. They feed on amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals, some with considerable host specificity. Mosquitoes have greatly affected the course of human events and continue to do so even today. They very actively transmit diseases like malaria, filarial, dengue, yellow fever etc.
Mosquitoes are small, two winged insects belonging to the order diptera which includes houseflies, stable flies, tse tse flies etc. The most important mosquito vectors belong to the genera Anopheles, Aedes, Culex, Mansonia, Haemogogus and Sabethes. There are about 3,200 species of mosquitoes that are distributed among 37 genera. A few important discoveries made during the late 19th century namely demonstration of microfilaria in blood by Lewis in 1872 and malaria transmission by Sir Ronald Ross in 1897 opened up research under several disciplines, which progressively improved comprehension of filarial, malaria, and other insect borne diseases transmitted in the community.
[...] The concentration doses are multiplied by or 10000 in order to make positive values In the third column headed the log concentration are entered as corrected to appropriate number of decimal places The total number of larvae tested during the experiment is recorded in the column and the number of dead or moribund larvae entered in column The average percentage response of the larvae to the insecticide treatment is recorded in the column Pc = The probit of each r was taken from the table 1 (transformation of percentage to probit) and entered probit to two decimal places in the column The empirical probits are plotted against x (graph and a straight line is drawn to fit the points The expected probit Y is taken from graph The weighting coefficient for Y is taken from table II.( weighting co- efficient and and each Y is multiplied by the corresponding n and entered in the column and Snw is calculated The working probit is noted from the table IV.( working probit) The y and Y i.e. [...]
[...] The presence of insecticides in air can be caused by spray drift and volatization from the treated surfacel, the extent of drift is dependent on droplet size and wind speed and volatization is dependent on time after treatment the surface on which the insecticide settles, the temperature, wind speed and the vapor pressure of the active ingredient. The sources of insecticides in aquatic systems can be quite diverse, from chemicals being applied directly to control various pests., to runoff from treated agricultural lands or from the atmosphere during precipitation. [...]
[...] Ass.,4: 426- 430 Ferrari, J.A and Georghion, G.P.(1981).Effects on insecticide treatment of temophos on reproductive potential of resistant. Susceptibility and heterozygous strain of Southern house Mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus. J. Econ. Entomol., 74: 323-327. Gayathri Devi, J. and Shetty,N.J.(1992). Chromosomal translocation and inherited sensitivity in the malaria vector. Anopheles stephensi liston.J.Com.Dis.,24:70-74. Georghion, GP. (1980). Insecticide resistance and prospects for it's management residue. Review, 76: 131-135. Hearth, P.R.J. and Davidson, G. (1981). Studies on nature of Malathion resistance in a population of Anopheles stephensi from Southern Iran. [...]
[...] New pyrethroids as Mosquito larvicide and their effects on non target organism. J. Am. Mosq.Cont. Ass., 40: 6-9. WHO, (1956). Genetics of vector and insecticide, Tech.Rep. Ser 68-40. Wright, J.W. and Pal, R. (1967). Genetics of insect vectors of disease Elsevier published company Amsterdam, New York Ziam, M.(1987). Malaria Control in Iran-present and future, J.Am. Mosq. Coat, Ass., 392-395. Barlow. Et al Field and laboratory trials using synthetic pyrethroids. Bull. Entomol. Res 71: 153-161. Curtis et al 1975. Model situations that would delay or halt and perhaps serve the evolution of resistance .Bull.Who. [...]
[...] The classification of insecticides has undergone quite a few changes with advancements in insecticide technology. Usually the classifications are based on mode of entry of toxicant into the insects, mode of action, the chemical nature of the toxicant or the active ingredient and sometimes also based on the formulation of the insecticides. The most precise method of grouping insecticides is according to their chemical makeup. Several classes of compounds can be designated according to the active ingredients (chemicals responsible for the toxic effect). [...]
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