The Ottoman Empire

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[...] For instance, the decision of the young Turkish leaders to appraise the capability of Germany's military led to a neutrality break. They would later enter World War 1 on the central power's side. This would, therefore, lead to imminent defeat and events such as the Armenian genocide. Additionally, other oppositional movements resisted modernization. These included anti-westernization groups, traditional elites, tribal leaders, and religious leaders. On the other hand, the traditionalists opposed the reformers, arguing that they would destroy the fundamental Islamic traits of the empire, hence stopping the reform progress. [...]

[...] The Ottoman Empire had inherited and employed slavery in the form of forced labor in their workforce. It had an underdeveloped industrial infrastructure comprising about 282 listed factories in 1915. The wartime economic measures highly impacted the domestic labor market, impacting the labor force mainly by sending many workers to the war fronts (Akin & Thompson, 1918). This saw shortages of skilled workers, which led to the rise of labor movements. These movements protected the workers' rights and advocated for payment tents that dictated the pay to match the scheduled working hours. [...]

[...] The youth movements emerged after the end of the Gezi protests because they perceived themselves as victims of poor governance and the double standards in law application. Also, they point to the increased injustices and are skeptical about political elites. Also, they are discontented with economic decline, which has increased unemployment despite the effects of pandemics on the livelihoods of young people. Therefore, the movements advocate for free expression and media and strongly oppose clampdowns. These are among the many problems that are yet to be addressed by the political parties in Turkey. References Ahmad, F. [...]

[...] (1988). War and Society under the Young Turks, 1908-18. Review (Fernand Braudel Center), 265-286. Akin, Y., & Thompson, E. (1918). Labour, Labour Movements and Strikes (Ottoman Empire/Middle East). International Encyclopedia of the First World War. Mazanec, J. (2016). The Ottoman Empire at the beginning of Tanzimat reforms. Prague Papers on the History of International Relations, 21-45. [...]

[...] The women became custodia regime of the Ottoman sultan by reinstituting the establishment ns of sovereign power and had a role in the public culture of the sovereign. The Young Turks were the main opposition movement during the Ottoman Empire. It aimed at agitating against the authoritarian of a constitutional government (Ahmad, 1988). The effect of this movement was introducing programs that boosted the modernization of the empire and the spirit of nationalism. The movement advocated for orderly reform under the central government and excluding foreign influence. Also, the young Turks had a significant role in stimulating and disseminating liberal thought, which aimed at liberalizing the state. [...]