European Union (EU) Law - Introduction and the different stages of integration

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[...] For him the first step is the reconciliation between French and German. European Coal and Steel Community ECSC April 18th, 1951 - France and Germany, until now belonging to opposite military camps, were pooled and agreed to cooperate to these very important industry sectors which produced the weapons of war: coal and steel. - Italy and BENELUX countries joined the treaty. - Custom duties abolished. - These sectors of industry were placed under the control of a supranational "High Authority", which had the power of prior authorisation of agreements undermining competition, mergers and state aids, but also to define the general terms and orientations of industrial policy in these sectors political structure using the economic sector of cooperation as a means towards further political integration. [...]

[...] By taxing differently goods about their origins, states are making direct discrimination A tax in function of the power of a car seems objective, but what if your national car industry make car with a lower rate of x that is upper than the French legislation. You nation is discriminated, but not directly. But this first limit wasn't sufficient. 2. Market Access Approach: national rules must not prevent or hinder the access to the market, otherwise they are unlawful ? National legislation makes it more costly for new firms to enter an industry and therefore less attractive. ? Any national regulation imposing and implying compliance costs, whether it's applied in a non-discriminatory way. ? [...]

[...] The 2 intergovernmental pillars: Treaty of Amsterdam (June 1997) + Treaty of Nice (December 2001) - Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) - Co-operation in Justice and Home Affairs renamed after the Treaty of Amsterdam "Police and Judicial Cooperation" in Criminal Matters (PJCC). - Provision for Economic and Monetary Union (EMU). Agreement for the European Economic Area (1992) Espace Economique Européen 1960: European Free Trade Association (EFTA) - Association européenne de libre-échange (AELE) had been set up under the leadership of the UK. - Member states: ? Austria = joined the EU in 1995 ? Denmark = joined the EEC in 1971 ? Norway ? Portugal = joined the EEC in 1986 ? Sweden = joined the EU in 1995 ? [...]

[...] European Union Law - Introduction and the different stages of integration Introduction European construction was imagined by politician and people centuries ago but was achieve after WWII. In middle age, cities developed trade, and at that moment national markets were created. Traders were moving from a city to another, and these citizens made the rules of mercatoria Germany was involved in 2 WW in a period of 20 years, so global leaders searched a solution to propose a de facto solidarity. [...]

[...] - Algeria, as part of France, left the EC in 1962 when it became an independent state. - No previous example similar to Brexit. - First time for the UK? ? Referendum in 1975 to withdraw from the EC, which had joined in 1971, but 67.2% of voters chose to remain in the EC. 2. The different stages of integration - Ricardo's model in 1817 Really theorical, because it supposed perfect conditions (model) In reality a state will take actions, and protectionism measures: taxes, state aid, quotas - Different stages of integration - Free Trade Area FTA : No tariffs against members (free movement of goods between them), but individual tariffs against outsiders (each MS retains the autonomy to regulate its trading relations with non-member states) common internal policy, but different external policies (ex. [...]