Immigration of highly skilled workers to the United States

Avninder A.

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Immigration of highly skilled workers to the United States

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Abstract

The rapidly escalating immigration of highly skilled individuals to the United States demonstrates the diminishing role of national politics in an increasingly supranational global economy. Workers pursue opportunities beyond the confines of national borders, and corporations are able to meet the exceedingly high demand for skilled workers in a cost-effective manner by recruiting foreign nationals. Large-scale emigration of highly skilled workers, the brain drain, deeply affects both the United States, and the two largest providers of skilled migrant workers to the US, India and the People's Republic of China. Many industrialized nations find themselves in greater need of an educated labor force to supply the current demand for such workers caused by recent and significant advancements in technology. Skilled workers from both India and China have taken advantage of available employment opportunities by migrating to the US in search of better life prospects. The consequential effects of this wide scale migration pattern are exacerbated by the overwhelming demand for skilled workers in the technology field, legislative loopholes, self-interested corporate policy and insufficient efforts of the developing nation to retain its highly skilled workers.

Introduction
The brain drain
1. Focus: Well-educated individuals
2. The Canberra manual on human resources
The pool of highly skilled immigrants
1. The H-1B visa program
2. The sponsorship system
3. Permanent employment
4. Professionals from India and China
Fear of the immigration of foreign workers
The mixture of foreign and national workers
The influence of Indian and Chinese immigrants in the US
The best way for India to decrease the gap between itself and developed nations
The Chinese immigration
Conclusion

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[...] Despite these efforts, the United States remains a popular destination, and there is immense pressure from friends and family for skilled members to go abroad and act as a bridge into the free world.[28] Another important factor in the brain drain is the feelings of the people migrating. In this case, the migration is a win-win situation. Individuals have an opportunity to obtain a higher level of education, and have unique experiences in a society with a unique culture and values. [...]

[...] Temporary immigrants also make up a large portion of the United States population of highly skilled workers which, can be compared to other nations below: As seen in the chart, India is leading country in sending educated labor to the US. The overall influx of Indian immigrants has been steadily rising for the past three decades, increasing from 50,000 people in 1970 to 722,000 in 1998.[17] Of those 722,000 only was living in poverty compared to 31% of Mexican immigrants in the US. [...]

[...] The immigration of foreign labor spurs economic growth in the United States since these individuals are creating more revenue for their companies, as well as contributing their earnings to the local economy. International students also contribute by putting their finances into American universities. These students add to the economy by spending money, and diversifying the institution. There was an estimated 12.3 billion dollars spent on accommodations, food, and leisure by these students according to the Institute for International Education (Approximately $30,800 per student). [...]

[...] The United States receives 34% of this emigrant population of which comes from Asia and Oceania ( from China and from India).[3] Moreover, cultural preferences contribute both to the dearth of American workers in technology, and the high number of Asian workers in this field; Asians are also more inclined towards science and technology, while most skilled Americans prefer business, law or medicine.[4] By looking at figures below, one can easily see the influence that India and China have in the US technical industry. [...]

[...] These organizations play a vital role in facilitation the movement of foreign skilled labor, and have the ability to contribute greatly in the reform of one sided immigration policies. Overall, the consequences of the brain drain remain unclear. There is no question that a portion of recent US economic development can be attributed to the influence of highly skilled Indian and Chinese immigrants. Unfortunately, there are both positive and negative effects for the parties involved, which offset each other. The greatest problem for the brain drain stems from the competitive pressures of the market. [...]

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