Global health-care

Ace p.

Order the writing of a tailor-made Social, moral & civic education Term papers

Free quote online

Thesis Format .doc

Global health-care

Download

Read an extract

Reader
Abstract
Contents
Extract

Abstract

The image of cities seems somewhat paradoxical. While economically and socially developed cities are often considered a place of employment, infrastructure and support they are also considered responsible for undermining environment and health. Cities have the reputation of being dirty, stifling and noisy, and the unease increases as cities grow and urbanization seems an inexorable phenomenon across the globe. According to NED the share of urban total population in France increased from 24% in 1846 to 74% in 1990. In this context, one may question the characteristics of urban areas in terms of health and explore how this analysis reflects the situation in the cities worldwide. Thus though cities provide some benefits to its people in terms of accessibility to health care and infrastructure, they also add to the inconvenience which mankind is facing. In addition, cities are also home to major inequalities, which reflect on the global situation on a larger scale

Introduction
Focus on hygiene in Europe
Advanced cities
The health care accessibility
Free assistance
The example of Bangkok
The effects of temperature inversion
1. The production of organic and inorganic compounds
2. The phenomenon of suburbanization
3. The problem of overpopulation
Hierarchical diffusion and contagion of measles in Iceland
Conclusion

Get this table of contents for free after login.

Extract

[...] These are isolated cases and are not representative of the global situation. Moreover, it is clear that cities provide greater accessibility to health care through the direct presence of hospitals, physicians, or specialists; and it also allows access to other types of important structures. Thus, in the cities organizations providing free assistance are managed by associations such as family planning, which allow better monitoring of patients regardless of their social environment. Finally, the fact that medical facilities are located near places of residence or work ensures rapid support to people especially during emergencies. [...]

[...] The scarcity of surface water and ground cover results in high evaporation. A large amount of heat is generated by the urban activities and traffic. All this leads to the decrease in the humidity or moisture content of the air. The increase in construction contributes to the drop in humidity, and causes an increase in rainfall. This aggravates the pollution in the air due to the presence of condensation nuclei. Indeed, the city is also home to almost all kinds of pollution. [...]

[...] However inequalities in cities are obvious, and this is reflected in the quality of housing, a factor that has a major impact on the health of populations. Case studies in many large cities of the developing world show that up to 30% or even 60% of the urban population lives in substandard housing, though this percentage is often lower in towns. The quality of housing is not measured only by the availability of water or proper sanitation, as several other health risks characterize sub-standard housing and contribute to a potentially disastrous situations through overcrowding, dampness, inadequate isolation, temperature extremes, pests, noise, dust, drainage, and deficient or inadequate ventilation. [...]

[...] The social environment is a determinant of health, and it is the source of inequalities in cities, whether they are in developed countries or not: in fact, is a global phenomenon, although true, the slums are located mainly in the South. Finally, these inequalities are exacerbated by the policies of state and the presence or absence of aid programs in the cities. There are indeed solutions to address all these health risks aggravated by the city and its inequalities, even if the complex determinants of health of the city dwellers and the correlations between them highlight the enormity of the health challenge of urban areas. [...]

[...] It creates a synergy between the various forms of Tertiary and "Quaternary" Management. The AMM marks the relationship between cities belonging to the same region and among major world centers. Hence the emergence of clusters of cities worldwide came about. Megacities have excellent links with other "islands of the Megalopolitan Archipelago World (which gives new meaning to the term of archipelago) and links them via air traffic flows and telecommunication." Thus the importance of good relations between cities is seen. [...]

doc