A discussion of key models of health promotion

Paul B.

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A discussion of key models of health promotion

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Abstract

Health is a broad concept, which can embody a huge range of meanings, from the narrowly technical to the all-embracing moral or philosophical. The word health derived from the Old English word for heal (hael) which means ‘whole', signaling that health concerns the whole person and his or her integrity, soundness, or well-being (Crafter 1997). Another definition of health is a state of well-being, interpreted by the World Health Organization in it's constitution as ‘a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity' (WHO 1946). This assignment will discuss health, health promotion principles, changing behavior and attitudes, communication skills that reflect Rogerian principles will emphasis upon self-awareness and interpersonal stability, ethical issues when appropriate, and will apply the application of a health promotion strategy (Beatie's model) and critically analysis it's application to exercise in pregnancy.

Introduction
The term mentor according to the English National Board
The standard for communication and working relationships
Factors which may affect learning
The Gestalt theory
The importance of the mentor's role in assessing practice
Conclusion
Bibliography

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[...] Models have been used in disciplines such as science, health promotion and nursing for some time, but midwives have been generally resistant to their use, often claiming that the unique and individual situations of pregnancy and birth do not lend themselves to categorizing women and their needs, then applying a standard package of professional care. However if midwifery is viewed as a health-promoting activity, then it may be that health promotion models and approaches can enhance the way that midwives deliver care by developing agreed research-based frameworks which, rather than labeling women, standardize good practice (Crafter 1997). [...]

[...] Before a midwife decides to tackle a particular topic of health education the beliefs, attitudes and values in health related decisions need to be examined. People's health behavior or lifestyles have been regarded as the cause of many modern diseases. The main focus of health promotion has been on modifying those aspects of behavior, which are known to have an impact on health. According to social psychology theories of behavior change, people's behavior is partly determined by their attitude to that behavior. [...]

[...] However Tones (1992) suggests that health promotion should seek to ensure the most efficient delivery of health and medical services should facilitate the choice of a healthy lifestyle to create a physical and socio-economic environment, which fosters health and reduces the likelihood of illness. Health promotion in midwifery involves enhancing positive health and reducing the risk of ill health through health education. Expectant motherhood is a time of immense psychological development, when women acquire a great deal of new information from family, friends, magazines and health professionals. [...]

[...] American Journal of Obstetrics and gynecology, 160(3):707-712 MODE OF INTERVENTION Authoritative MODE OF THOUGHT Objective knowledge HEALTH PERSUASION LEGISLATIVE ACTION To persuade or encourage people to protect the population by making adopt healthier lifestyles healthier choices more available Practitioner is in the role of expert or Practitioner is in the role of a ‘custodian', ‘prescriber' knowing what will improve the nations health Conservative political ideology Reformist political ideology Activities include advice and Activities include policy work, lobbying Information Individual Collective PERSONAL COUNSELING COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT To empower individuals to have the skills To enfranchise or emancipate groups and And confidence to take more control over communities so they recognize what they Their health has in common and how social factors Influence their lives Practitioner is in the role of ‘counselor' Practitioner is in the role of ‘advocator' Working with people's self-defined needs Libertarian or humanist political ideology Radical political ideology Activities include counseling and Activities include community development education And action Mode of intervention Negotiated Mode of thought Participatory, subject [...]

[...] Beattie offers a structural analysis of the health promotion repertoire of approaches. He suggests that there are four paradigms for health promotion. These are generated from the dimensions of mode of intervention which ranges from authoritative (top down and expert-led) to negotiated (bottom-up and valuing individual autonomy). Much health promotion work involving advice and information is determined and led by practitioners. Beattie's typology generates the following strategies; Health persuasion, these are interventions that are directed at individuals and led by professionals, an example is a primary worker promoting women to stop smoking. [...]

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