France, NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization, social integration, Emmanuel Macron, military support, european defense, autonomy, british government, interstate cooperation, UK United Kingdom, operation Harmattan, alliance
In August 2011, President Nicolas Sarkozy of France praised NATO's military intervention in Libya operation, calling the Alliance "an indispensable tool" . He added that the success of the operation justified his decision to integrate France into NATO's military command in 2009, ending the 42-year separation initiated by Charles de Gaulle. The re-integration caused the political opposition to declare that France was losing its independence to the benefit of the United States without getting anything in return.
[...] However, there was less evidence of integration on the fourth dimension: cultural integration. While the following years have brought France closer to the Alliance, the French national forces are still strongly marked by the colonial wars and remain 'expeditionary'. Because of this expeditionary approach, it is crucial for France to maintain its independent strategic thinking. This probably explains why there are certain limits to the extent to which France is - and probably will be - influenced by NATO. For Britain and France, the Libya operation was evidence of continued strength at a time when doubts about national relevance were rising in the face of Europe's economic woes and deep cuts in already declining defense budgets. [...]
[...] Germany indicated a willingness to tolerate a NATO action, provided it was not asked to participate. Even Turkey, which initially had strong objections to the intervention, was willing to go along with NATO, if only because its position within the Alliance afforded it the possibility of greater control over NATO operations. Within a few days, however, French officials agreed to allow the less demanding maritime arms embargo operation to come under NATO command. Shortly thereafter, they also agreed to allow no-fly zone operations to be brought into NATO. [...]
[...] With French reintegration in NATO, such interdependence involves two aspects. First, France could be expected to gain more influence, making its mark on at least some developments and changes in NATO. Second, if the reintegration is real, French positions and practices could be expected - at least to some degree - to be influenced by the positions of the other member states. Despite its 'opt-out' from NATO's integrated military command structures in 1966, France never ceased to participate in the political and financial aspects of the Alliance. [...]
[...] and Larrabee, S., (2009). "France and NATO". Survival (April) Heisbourg, F. (2015) Secrètes histoires?: la naissance du monde moderne. Paris: Stock Hollande, F. (2015). 'Foreign Policy: Speech by M. François Hollande, President of the Republic, at the Opening of Ambassadors' Week', Paris August. http://www.elysee.fr/declarations/article/speech-by-the-president-of-thefrench-republic-at-the-opening-of-ambassadors-week/ Jesnes, K. et al. (2012) Après la Libye, y a-t-il encore une exception française dans l'Alliance Revue Defense Nationale is the property of Comite d'Etudes de Défense Nationale Kirkpatrick, D. [...]
[...] Cohen, R. (2022) Emmanuel Macron in His Labyrinth, The New York Times, Feb https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/12/world/europe/macron-putin-ukraine.html?searchResultPosition=1 Dadlder et al. (2012) NATO'S Victory in Libya, Foreign Affairs Mar/Apr2012, Vol Issue 2 Davidson, J. (2013). France, Britain and the intervention in Libya: an integrated analysis. Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 310-329. Devecchio, Alexandre (2022) "Frédéric Encel : « L'offensive russe aura pour effet de renforcer l'Otan »". Le Figaro, no mardi 1 mars mots, p https://www.lefigaro.fr/vox/monde/frederic-encel-l-offensive-russe-aura-pour-effet-de-renforcer-l-otan-20220228 Gaulle Charles de. (1954) Mémoires de guerre . [...]
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