China, the world's most populous nation, came under communist rule in 1949. In the previous decades, the Chinese Empire had been racked by political turmoil. In 1911, the collapse of the imperial Manchu dynasty instigated the rise of regional warlords and of revolutionary and reformist movements. After the United States failed to support China in 1919, its World War I ally, at negotiations for the Treaty of Versailles, a group of students gathered in Beijing to protest. These demonstrations, known as the May Fourth Movement, set off a wave of nationalism and criticism of Western imperialism. In the same time, the October Revolution of 1917 in Russia, which was a success, began to exert a significant influence among Chinese intellectuals, sweeping many idealistic youths into the mainstream of revolutionary Marxism. Largely on the initiative of Chen Duxiu and Li Dazhao, two Beijing University professors, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) was founded in Shanghai in 1921. One of Li's young disciples was Mao Zedong, the son of a prosperous peasant.
Upon defeating the Kuomintang led by Chiang Kai Shek, Mao reigned as the supreme authority in Communist China from 1949 until his death in 1976. Once in office, Mao signed a friendship treaty with the USSR and remained loyal to the Soviet Union until after Stalin's death, accepting Soviet doctrine and numerous Soviet advisers. However, Mao soon parted company with these advisers. Upset at Khrushchev's de-Stalinization, which he branded revisionism and a capitulation to capitalism, Mao became convinced that China needed to build its unique version of communism. In the early 1960s China struck out in an independent and often anti-Soviet direction in foreign policy.
The goal of this paper is to determine and analyze the events leading to the dissolution of Sino-Soviet partnership and the rise of China in the global political scene. The analysis would inevitably involve China and Soviet relationship with the United States. Through historical accounts, this paper seeks to provide an understanding of international diplomacy and how it is determining the state of the global community.
[...] Major Problems in American Foreign Relations. Volume II: Since 1914. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company. Sixth Ed [HIS 321 Textbooks, Chapter Wang Gungwu. China and the World since 1949. The Impact of Independence, Modernity and Revolution. London: The Macmillan Press Ltd [VUB 950 L-CV WANG 77] Garver, John W. China's Decision for Rapprochement With the United States, 1968-1971. (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1982),15. Foot, Rosemary. The Practice of Power: US Relations With China since 1949. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995) Harding, Harry. [...]
[...] In the early 1960s China struck out in an independent and often anti-Soviet direction in foreign policy.[4] The goal of this paper is to determine and analyze the events leading to the dissolution of Sino-Soviet partnership and the rise of China in the global political scene. The analysis would inevitably involve China and Soviet relationship with the United States. Through historical accounts, this paper seeks to provide an understanding of international diplomacy and how it is determining the state of the global community Body A. [...]
[...] It was an attempt to continue the monopoly leadership of the Communist movement that Stalin had enjoyed from the late 1920's to the time of his death in 1953. The Chinese, who regarded Mao Tse-tung as the outstanding doctrinal thinker and theoretician of world Communism, could hardly look with favour upon such presumption. Moreover, Khrushchev's attack on Stalin caused confusion in China—as elsewhere in the Communist world—where Stalin had been lavishly praised as a great and almost infallible leader. In addition, Khrushchev's revelations about the abuses that had occurred under Stalin's dictatorship implicitly raised the question of abuses that might be occurring in China under Mao's very similar type of rule. [...]
[...] Reaction to the Visit The reactions of America's allies to the news varied. Broadly speaking, those of the Europeans were favourable, while those of the Asian and Pacific countries varied from cautious approval through surprise to concern and dismay. Understandably, the reaction from Taiwan was the most hostile precisely because this undermined Taiwan's position in the world as the representative of the Chinese people. Soviet reaction to the Sino-US improvement of diplomatic ties was mostly acts of cultural desecration as it had already stopped economic assistance. [...]
[...] Uncertain Years: Chinese-American Relations, 1947-1950. New York: Columbia University Press [VUB 327.1 L USA BORG 80] Chen Jian. Mao's China and the Cold War. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press [KUL LSIN: CEI-09/0260 CHEN 2001] Cohen, Warren I. Dean Rusk. Totowa, N.J.: Cooper Square Publishers [ULB SILO NB: 327.73 Am 35 v.19] Dallek, Robert. Flawed Giant: Lyndon Johnson and his Times: 1961-1973. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press [BR WBS: E847.D26 ] Dobson, Alan P., and Steve Marsh. [...]
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