To what extent did Brexit reignite tensions in Northern Ireland, and how is it bringing a new problem about the place of Northern Ireland within the Union and the Irish-British relations?

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To what extent did Brexit reignite tensions in Northern Ireland, and how is it bringing a new problem about the place of Northern Ireland within the Union and the Irish-British relations?

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Brexit, tensions, Northern Ireland, Irish-British relations, EU european union, unionists, nationalists, UK United Kingdom, identity crisis, religious segregation, Ireland

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Just after the draft EU-UK agreement, former UK Independence Party leader Nigel Farage was asked if he had ever considered Northern Ireland during the referendum campaign in 2016. He admitted he never gave it a moment's thought, and I quote: "No, no, no... what's the problem? There is no problem". He was wrong, Northern Ireland's situation has always posed challenges to the unity of the Union, and Brexit further threatened the Northern Ireland peace process so far as tensions between the two main communities, the unionists, and nationalists, have re-appeared. It echoes the violence that spanned during the period called the Troubles 23 years ago, causing around 3000 deaths. The European Union actually brought a sort of peace and stability to Northern Ireland until Brexit. While 55.8 percent of the Northern Ireland electorate voted to remain in the EU, although the DUP supported Brexit, it seemed that Northern Ireland exited the EU against its will. Therefore, Northern Ireland reinforced it.

Northern Ireland's tumultuous history: from its creation to the Troubles
1. The Partition of Ireland and religious segregation
2. The Troubles and the Good Friday Agreement
Brexit: the Northern Ireland dilemma that threatens to reignite tensions
1. Identity and social crisis: the impact of Brexit
2. Talks about a united Ireland has re-emerged

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[...] (December 2019) "Johnson denies there will be checks between NI andUK",TheTimes,https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/johnson-denies-there-will-be-checks-between-ni-and-uk-6msrq585l Evans, G. Duffy, M., Beyond the Sectarian Divide: The Social Bases and Political Consequences of Nationalist and Unionist Party Competition in Northern Ireland, British Journal of Political Science 1997) Beacháin D. (2018) From Partition to Brexit The Irish Government and Northern Ireland, Manchester University Press Hayward, K. (2020). Life and work across the Irish border through Brexit. Annales des Mines - Réalités industrielles 101-105. https://doi.org/10.3917/rindu1.203.0101 Hughes, K. & Tarpinian, C. (2020). Le Brexit et la fragmentation du Royaume. [...]

[...] It led to the Troubles in Northern Ireland, which proved to be one of the most intractable conflicts in Europe since the Second World War. The Troubles and the Good Friday Agreement For 30 years, Northern Ireland was scarred by a period of deadly sectarian violence known as "the Troubles." To begin with, Between 1969 and 1970, the conflict was characterized by riots between Catholics and Protestants. Irish Catholics were demonstrating to obtain recognition of their civil rights and an end to the segregation of which they were victims on a daily basis. [...]

[...] Politique étrangère 83-96. https://doi.org/10.3917/pe.204.0083 Hutchinson, W. (2016). La dimension irlandaise. Outre-Terre 154-165. https://doi.org/10.3917/oute1.049.0154 LucidTalk, Mid June 2018 LucidTalk Monthly Tracker Poll (Northern Ireland) Results UK EU Referendum - Northern Ireland Poll, Poll Questions Results - General Report,2018 http://lucidtalk.co. [HYPERLINK: http://lucidtalk.co.uk/images/News/LTJuneTrackerPollResults-MainReportPublic.pdf]uk [HYPERLINK: http://lucidtalk.co.uk/images/News/LTJuneTrackerPollResults-MainReportPublic.pdf]/images/News/LTJuneTrackerPollResults-MainReportPublic.pdf [HYPERLINK: http://lucidtalk.co.uk/images/News/LTJuneTrackerPollResults-MainReportPublic.pdf] Mars, S., Murray, C., O'Donoghue, A., Warnick, B. (2018). Bordering two unions: Northern Ireland and Brexit (1st ed.). Bristol University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv56fh0b Smithey, L. A. (2011). [...]

[...] II- Brexit: the Northern Ireland dilemma that threatens to reignite tensions Identity and social crisis: the impact of Brexit Northern Ireland is subject to different interpretations of its identity. One the Good Friday Agreement's core principle is that it is the `birthright of all the people of Northern Ireland to identify themselves and be accepted as Irish or British, or both' In other words, people born in Northern Ireland could choose to take a UK or Irish passport (or both) and that it should not affect a person's opportunities. [...]

[...] (2021) Brexit: What is Article 16 of the Northern Ireland protocol?, BBC News https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-58790419 Cochrane, F. (2021). Northern Ireland: The Fragile Peace. Yale University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1h7zmzw Commision européenne ( octobre) Protocole sur l'Irlande et l'Irlande du Nord: la Commission propose des dispositions sur mesure au profit de l'Irlande du Nord. file:///C:/Users/utilisateur/Downloads/Protocole_sur_l_Irlande_et_l_Irlande_du_Nord__la_Commission_propose_des_dispositions_sur_mesure_au_profit_de_l_Irlande_du_Nord.pdf Considère-Charon, M. (2018). La question irlandaise, enjeu majeur du Brexit. Politique étrangère 35-48. https://doi.org/10.3917/pe.184.0035 Diarmaid (2019), The Border The Legacy of a Century of Anglo-Irish Politics, Profile Books Ltd Drevet, J. [...]

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