FMD is a viral disease affecting cloven-hoofed animals such as cattle and sheep. It is considered one of the most infectious animal diseases spreading by direct or indirect contact with infected animals. It is not a fatal disease (most recover within two weeks) and poses no threat to human health. However, its long term effect on the animals' productivity raises primary concern for farmers already suffering severe financial losses in agriculture production.
The first case of FMD was confirmed by the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (MAFF) in February 2001 in Essex, south-east England. This was the first major outbreak of the disease in Britain since 1967 and was consequently “…one of the most serious economic and social crises to face rural communities in recent years” (Sharpley and Craven, 2001:527).
[...] References Anderson, I (2002a) Foot and mouth disease: Lessons to be learned inquiry: Introduction and Summary http://archive.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/fmd/fmd_report/report/SECT_2_3.PDF Anderson, I (2002b) Foot and mouth disease: Lessons to be learned inquiry: The economic impact of FMD http://archive.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/fmd/fmd_report/report/SECT_14.PDF Blake, A., Sinclair, T. & Sugiyarto, G. (2003) Quantifying the impact of Foot and Moth Disease on Tourism and the UK economy, Tourism Economics, pp 1-20 Coles, T (2003) A local reading of global disaster: Some lessons on tourism management from an Annus Horribilis in South West England, Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, pp. 173-197 Department of Culture, Media and Sport ‘Tourism (2001) The Hidden Giant and Foot and Mouth' report http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200001/cmselect/cmcumeds/430/4300 3.htm Dyer S. R. [...]
[...] (2003) Crisis communication and recovery for the tourism industry: Lessons for the 2001 Foot and Mouth disease outbreak in the United Kingdom, Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, Vol pp. 199-216 Roberts, D (2001) Rural Change and the impact of Foot and Mouth Disease, Countryside Recreation, Vol.9(3/4), pp. 4-8 Santana, G (2003) Crisis Management and Tourism: Beyond the Rhetoric, Journal of Travel and Tourism marketing, Vol. 15(4) pp.299 321 Scott, A., Christie, M. & Midmore, P. (2004) Impact of the 2001 Foot and mouth outbreak in Britain: implications for rural studies, Journal of Rural Studies, Vol pp. [...]
[...] Thus the FMD outbreak had to an extent created a ‘media frenzy' obsessed with the presenting the negative images of the outbreak aggravating the prospects for tourism growth. As Frisby (2002) argues, the media needed to instead focus on supporting and helping preserve the prospects of these affected regions. A further factor affecting tourism in the countryside during the outbreak was the closure of footpaths and other rights of way. This combined with widespread media coverage of the impacts of the disease on farming communities suggested that it was maybe in the best interest of the countryside for the public to avoid visiting all rural areas. [...]
[...] The nationwide effects of FMD on tourism were studied by Blake et al (2003) who concluded that the total tourism revenue in 2001 fell by 7.7 billion of which was attributable to a decline in domestic tourism to falls in day visits and 30% to reductions in overseas tourism. The following table (Figure 1.1 ) illustrates the tourism expenditure reduction for the UK economy in 2001. Source: Blake et al Figure 1.0 concludes that a total of £179 million reduction in revenues was recorded per week representing 13% of normal weekly tourism expenditure. [...]
[...] & Brown, C (2002) Economic costs of the FMD outbreak in the UK in 2001, Rev. sci. tech. Off. Int. Epiz, Vol. 21(3) pp.675-687 Figure 1.0 The south west where there were a high number of outbreaks has considerably a large proportion of national parks. Moreover, they are more dependent on rural tourism than more south eastern regions. It is interesting to compare the outbreaks to the location of national parks in the UK. It is evident that those areas in the north and more midland areas [...]
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