European agreement on the end of combustion engines, Europe, electric car market, Renault, Stellantis, combustion engine, electric motor, electric batteries, hydrogen technology, electric battery market, hydrogen development, COP 21, automotive industry
The purpose of this work is to study the consequences of the EU's 2022 agreement on the end of combustion engines in new cars from 2035. Indeed, in the midst of an environmental crisis marked by global warming and following the 2015 Paris agreements, consecutive to COP 21, the EU launched a major climate plan, which materialized among other things in the Green Deal and then, this 2022 agreement on the end of combustion engines in 2035.
After studying the different categories of existing car engines and in particular the characteristics of electric vehicles, which rely on electric batteries, a sector with major challenges, in the second part we analyze the content of this agreement, as well as the economic consequences of electric cars on the European automotive market.
We show that electric vehicles offer a strong alternative to the end of combustion engine sales in 2035.
Then, we make projections for the electric car market in Europe, which will have to face competition from American and especially Chinese manufacturers, who benefit from government subsidies, and thus constitute unfair competition for European manufacturers. We advocate the introduction of protectionist measures in Europe, as well as partnership and cooperation strategies between European countries to forge alliances, not only in the field of electric vehicles, but also in hydrogen, which could provide another alternative to combustion-powered vehicles.
Finally, in the last section, we analyse the strategic visions of two automotive groups, Renault and Stellantis, in the face of these regulations, as well as a quantitative survey of the general public. The latter revealed that the general public was not yet ready for these regulations, which means that communication efforts and financial support from governments and the EU are needed, both for European manufacturers and for drivers.
[...] 1.3 Other engine types There are three different types of main engine: the hybrid engine (1.31), the liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) engine (1.32) and finally, the hydrogen engine (1.33). 1.31 The hybrid engine The hybrid engine couples a conventional combustion engine with an electric motor. The latter is used at low speeds, enabling the vehicle to be propelled solely by the electric motor on these occasions. At higher speeds, the combustion engine takes over or is coupled to the electric motor. The electric motor needs the combustion engine to recharge. [...]
[...] At the same time, however, he believes that the internal combustion engine still has many years ahead of it, and that it is not ready to disappear for good any time soon, thanks to alternative fuels that could bring down the price per litre by 25% to 50% over the next four to six years. Renault will be electric in [but] we're also keeping [combustion-powered cars]," he says. In fact, he states that "the internal combustion engine will continue to live on throughout the world for at least 70 years". [...]
[...] Les Echos (March 2023), « Fin du thermique : ces constructeurs automobiles qui avancent plus vite que l'Europe ». Les Echos (28th June, 2023), « Automobile : le long et dur chemin vers la rentabilité des voitures électriques ». Les Echos (September 13, 2023), « Automobile: Bruxelles lance une enquête antisubventions contre la Chine ». Les Echos (September 22, 2023), « Les craintes industrielles liées à l'IRA américain seraient exagérées ». MyLPG.eu (2021), "LPG prices around the world". Renault (2017), Drive the Future, 6th October 2017. Renault Groupe, « Comment fonctionne un moteur de voiture électrique ? ». Senard, J-D. [...]
[...] 3.1 Questionnaire administered Questionnaire administered to the general public Underline or bold your answers - You are: a man / a woman - Age (e.g. 25) : - Profession (Socioprofessional category): Farmer Craftsmen, shopkeepers and company managers Managers and higher intellectual professions Intermediate professions Employees Manual workers Retired Students Looking for work 1. Do you own a vehicle and, if so, what type of engine does it use? 2. Are you aware of environmental issues? 3. Are you aware that new combustion-powered cars will be banned in 2035? 4. [...]
[...] The first stage is suction, where the piston descends and draws in a mixture of air and fuel. The second stage is compression, which occurs when the piston moves upwards and compresses the air/fuel mixture in the cylinders. The third stage is combustion, which, as the piston moves upwards, creates an explosion that generates energy and returns the piston to the bottom of the cylinder. Finally, in the fourth stage, the exhaust gases are evacuated, causing the pistons to rise and start a new cycle. [...]
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