As defined by the Encyclopedia, a role, in the sociological sense, is a set of connected behaviors, rights and obligations as conceptualized by the actors in a social situation. It is an expected behavior in a given individual social status and social position. Since the 18th century, the justification for the masculine hierarchy over the feminine gender was part of the order of nature. These are especially the feminist struggles and their problems have led companies to consider the different roles that men and women can play in society. From this period, the sociological studies of gender relations and roles have grown. For years, the point of view that has dominated sociology in this area was a functionalist perspective. For example, with Parsons, who 'naturalized' gender difference, assigning the 'private sphere' and the function of education to women and reserving the public and professional sphere to men. If such studies have primarily focused on women, it now appears that the emancipation and transformation of social roles of each lead to a reconfiguration of the other, that is to say men. Is the commitment to children specifically for mothers? Does working, as has long been evoked, the main factor of masculine identities?
[...] However, men under 20 years are twice as numerous to work as the same age women. But the structure of jobs held by the working population of each sex are still very contrasted. Women work more in the Tertiary, while Industry sectors and the building trade remain strongly dominated by males. Manager positions are usually occupied by men / 3). Women are largely present in new sectors such as advertising, tourism, public relations, management of human resources, business communications, entertainment, culture. [...]
[...] : The "feminity and virility values" are more valued in the working class or upper middle class, than in the intellectual classes, in which indifferentiation is more valued Let me talk now about the "public sphere", where the male and female roles are still differentiated. Two good examples are schooling and the access to labor market. For a long time excluded from the educational system, girls are, from 1971, more likely than boys to enter university. School is mixed, but boys and girls are not necessarily side by side. [...]
[...] But a woman remains a woman in her anatomy, even if she may have a behavior and a role that are usually and stereotypically destined to a man (knowledge in cars, etc.). There are also educational practices differentiated very early. Mother/baby interactions are different depending on whether the child is a girl or a boy. It seems that one more stimulates the "social behavior" of girls than boys. In contrast, boys are more stimulated on the motor plan: they are handled with greater strength, one helps them more to sit and walk that when it is a girl. [...]
[...] Also, we can add that according to M.P Dunleavey and Kathleen Gerson in the article A Breadwinner Rethinks Gender Roles, from the New York Times, women do not feel fine about supporting the family, as men have always done. Gerson says that are all quite comfortable with the dual- earner household. It's become a cultural template. But for some reason we hit a roadblock when it comes to single-income households where the single earner is a woman.” In fact, even though women are able to earn a living nowadays, they are still not prepare, for the majority of them, to become the only person in the family who bring home the bacon and they tend to rely on their husband. [...]
[...] Nafisi states that “adultery by women is punishable by stoning” and the witness stand it takes the testimony of two women to equal that of one man.” Thus, in some countries, it appears that sexual genders roles haven't changed and that women are still considered as inferiors human beings, compared to men. As I mentioned before, the "ideal" model of the nuclear family that has dominated the first half of the 20th century gave to men the economic role of feeding and taking care of his family through his work, and to the wife, the management of the "chores". [...]
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