Spain, Ancient Age, Antiquity, Modern Spain, Medieval Spain, liberal age, civil war, Franco, democracy, Punic Wars, liberalism, absolutism, Catalonia
The document covers, in the form of revision sheets, key events in History from the Ancient Age to the year 2023.
Excerpt: "Under the reign of Philip II (1556-1598), Spain was the first world power.
When the king of Portugal died without descendants, Philip defeated the other candidates and was crowned king of Portugal.
He was at war against France, the Ottoman Empire, the Protestants in the low countries, and the Protestant England (1585-1604)."
[...] - Francoists: Franco's supporters, economic and social elite regaining the economic, social, and political power they lost during the 2nd Republic. Institutions 1942: "Organic democracy" à democratic appearance. Reestablishment of the Spanish Cortes to approve laws dictated by Franco, members elected by Franco, fascist salute. Fundamental Laws: - Labour Code (1938): Introduce "vertical trade union" uniting workers and employers. - Fuero of the Spaniards (1945): Declaration of citizens' rights and freedoms. - Law of Succession (1947): Ensured Franco remained head for life and appoint his successor. [...]
[...] The casualties were 17K deaths and other disappearances. Women's Roles in the Civil War Republican Zone à Approximately 4,000 women joined militias to fight on the front, and others aided through medical and logistical support. Nationalist Zone à Involved through the Sección Femenina, a Falangist organization founded in 1934, focusing on training women for support roles. Propaganda: Fascist vs. Republican Fascist Propaganda: "Spain Resurrected" Promoted victory with symbols like the Falangist yoke and arrows, red cross on a white background flag, emphasizing Nationalist unity. [...]
[...] Nueva Planta Decrees (1707-1716) à centralized power and abolished the regional laws and institutions of the Crown of Aragon, including Catalonia and Valencia. It replaced traditional rights and privileges (fueros) with a centralized administrative. The Castilian language became dominant in administration and education. Economic and Social Reforms Under the Bourbons à 30% increase in local taxes, while tariqs and restrictions significantly reduced textile exports from regions like Catalonia. Bourbon modernization eqorts included infrastructure projects like radial road networks, free trade decrees, and the development of royal manufactories. [...]
[...] Barcelona was brought to a standstill with barely any electricity or transport functioning in the city. Over 3K workers were jailed. The labour leader Salvador Seguí got out of prison to negotiate the end of the stike. Result: 8-hour workday established, child labor ended. Violence Against Workers' Leaders (1919-1923) à Assassinations: 1920: Francesc Layret, spanish politician and lawyer, protested against mass detention of republican leaders and CNT members. 1923: Salvador Seguí, key figure in Catlonia's workers' movement. The Battle of Annual during the Rif War (1921) à Outcome: Devastating Spanish defeat; 10,000 soldiers killed. [...]
[...] Clerics broke away from the catholic church to create protestant churches : Lutheranism, Calvinism, Anglicanism. - Lutheranism à 1517 : Martin Luther's 95 theses rejected authority of the Pope. Forgiveness and salvation depend on faith and God's will. He rejected the veneration of the Virgin Mary, saints and holy relics : opposition to the Church owning property : Church excommunated him. His followers were the Lutherans. - Calvinism à most influencial protestant movement (Switzerland, Scotland, Netherlands, France). Sovereignty of God and the need for strict moral behavior. John Knox created presbytarian church. [...]
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