A Biopsychosocial approach to depression

Extract

[...] A Biopsychosocial approach to depression Abstract Depression is one of the leading psych disorders associated with a feeling of sadness and loss of interest. It affects an individual's thoughts, behaviors, and emotions. Depression is also known as major depressive disorder and is common in both children and adults. The primary symptoms of depression include sadness, irritability, insomnia, fatigue, loss of interest, agitation, and suicidal ideation. The biological factors associated with depression include brain chemicals, genes, and hormones. Major depressive disorder is hereditary, implying that it can be transferred to an offspring. [...]

[...] Psychological factors include thought patterns, grief, and a sense of failure. The environmental factors include utero exposure to infection, urban upbringing, ethnic minority status, traumatic events, and air pollution. - References Jauhar, S., Cowen, P. J., & Browning, M. (2023). Fifty years on: Serotonin and depression. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 37(3), 237-241. DOI: 10.1177/02698811231161813 Lei, R., Sun, Y., Liao, J., Yuan, Y., Sun, L., Liu, Y & Yu, Z. (2021). Sex hormone levels in females of different ages suffering from depression. BMC Women's health, 21(1) DOI: 10.1186/s12905-021-01350-0 Lopizzo, N., Bocchio Chiavetto, L., Cattane, N., Plazzotta, G., Tarazi, F. [...]

[...] Another biological influence on depression is hormones. A decline in hormones such as estrogen and progesterone triggers depressive episodes. The changes that occur in one's hormonal composition during menopause also trigger depressive symptoms (Lei et al., 2021). The brain chemicals are also known as the neurotransmitters. Therefore, inactivity or impairment of the neurotransmitters triggers depressive symptoms, increasing one's chance of getting depression. Individuals with depression have low serotonin transmission (Jauhar et al., 2023). As a result, the low transmission triggers suicidal ideation, increasing one's risk of suicide. [...]

[...] A negative reaction to loss leads to triggers depressive symptoms. III. Environmental influences on depression Lopizzo, in their article, focuses on the role of gene-environment interaction on depression. They argue that gene-environment interactions occur when one or more genetic variants and environmental factors relate to cause a specific disorder. The authors state that several environmental factors, such as utero exposure to infection, urban upbringing, ethnic minority status, and traumatic events, cause depression (Lopizzo et al., 2015). Van den Bosch, in their article, addresses the effects of air pollution on depression. [...]

[...] (2022). Why Does Grief Hurt? American Psychological Association. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2023-30593-001 Remes, O., Mendes, J. F., & Templeton, P. (2021). Biological, psychological, and social determinants of depression: a review of recent literature. Brain sciences, 11(12) Doi: 10.3390/brainsci11121633 Shadrina, M., Bondarenko, E. A., & Slominsky, P. A. (2018). Genetic factors in major depression disease. Frontiers in psychiatry, Doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00334 Van den Bosch, M., & Meyer-Lindenberg, A. (2019). Environmental exposures and depression: biological mechanisms and epidemiological evidence. Annual review of public health, 40, 239-259. [...]