London city, Confederation 1868, Communist Manifesto
London, central and dynamic city becomes throughout the century the place of a strong political activism, in its most modern form. The UK is considered the land of individual freedom that welcomes exiles continent such as Zola or Marx and Engels. They organize their 1847 international communist congresses and publishes the famous Communist Manifesto. The First International (International Workers Association) is founded in 1864. Chartism organized in the capital its first convention in order to challenge the electoral census establishing a reformed so unequal suffrage. By 1860, the city is the unhappy theater of attacks by Irish Fenians while the first anarchist congress organized therein.
The city is also dominated at the end of the century by the suffragette movement which radicalizes from 1911. Finally, trade unionism is expressed very strongly within this metropolis: by the creation of the Inter-Confederation 1868 or by major strikes like that of the summer of 1889, in full Great Depression, mainly claimed by dockworkers, it is one of the hardest known in Britain. It is also indicative of the strong social malaise which dominates the city throughout this century by constantly fear the revolution, which led to the creation of the Army of Hi by W.Booth in 1865. The press ("Fleet Street") then experienced its golden age marked the British domination over information.
The capital also becomes the center of development of a leisure society and culture that will spread in some of these aspects to the world, especially in Europe or the United States. Nevertheless,
[...] Indeed, the UK is the first country to know and the most brutal manner, the industrial revolution that will change the city of London, the main cores of the vast English industrial fabric . Industrial growth in the century varies between and per annum. British rule then sets made since 1815. For the port activity, it develops around and along the Thames, a very wide variety of industrial activities, based on the use of coal and oil: metallurgy, chemicals, food . In 1861, the industrial sector employs a Londoner in five. The enormous quantities produced, allowed by a scientific organization of work, allow to meet domestic needs while exporting massively. [...]
[...] The Thames has always been the way of contribution of raw materials and tropical products, causing congestion of the port. Thus was decided the construction of docks from 1800 to 1828 and then from 1850 to 1921. These docks specialize and form large sets on several floors, employing many immigrants and directly related industries, including following the proclamation of free trade in 1853. The Port of London is now at the heart of this international trading system. World's largest port, its share in the UK, however, will greatly reduce traffic throughout the century. [...]
[...] The insurance industry is also experiencing a major boom in the City, especially with Lloyd's, from 1885. They develop modern form of insurance including life insurance and will expand its model to the rest of the Western world including the United States. Moreover, because of its vast colonial empire, Britain is the first investor abroad. However, these growing activities will transform this neighborhood haunt of the elite, where employees come and go to work there the day before returning to ever more distant suburbs. [...]
[...] The "retail revolution" embodied by the Harrod's is needed in the city. This often aristocratic bourgeoisie and gentry develops a lavish social life: the "Season", "theater (Shaftesbury Avenue), garden parties in new parks (Hyde Park, Regent's Park) . The literature of the nineteenth century separates into two periods: romance, sort of prologue to the Victorian era and the Victorian era embodied in particular by Dickens or Brönte Family focuses on modern themes or the realism of the time (including the London life). [...]
[...] The First International (International Workers Association) is founded in 1864. Chartism organized in the capital its first convention in order to challenge the electoral census establishing a reformed so unequal suffrage. By 1860, the city is the unhappy theater of attacks by Irish Fenians while the first anarchist congress organized therein. The city is also dominated at the end of the century by the suffragette movement which radicalizes from 1911. Finally, trade unionism is expressed very strongly within this metropolis: by the creation of the Inter-Confederation 1868 or by major strikes like that of the summer of 1889, in full Great Depression, mainly claimed by dockworkers, it is one of the hardest known in Britain. [...]
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