history, war, 16th century, economy, society, europe, medieval, french economy, religions, churches, renaissance, socio-cultural factors, political factors, spanish dominance, germany, US United States, forms of power, conflicts, warfare, international relations, religious wars
Contrary to the contemporary definition, the cities of the early modern era were not defined only according to a threshold of number of inhabitants, continuity of buildings, or command functions. During the Old Regime, a city was certainly a densely populated space, but it was also surrounded by walls, and, above all, it could be endowed with privileges. The cities hosted 15% of the European population (10% of the French). The cities, particularly those endowed with privileges, were distinguished by a specific social organization.
[...] The Italian campaign was a failure. The Kingdom of Naples is quickly lost, following an Aragonese offensive. This short campaign showed the Italians that France's ambitions could go beyond the Regno, because in addition to the tutelage over Florence, the king did not hide his claims on Milan. Louis XII revived the Italian wars The following French king (Louis XII) also had claims in Italy, there were wars between 15041512. Francis new French King, marched on Milan in the successful 1515 Battle of Marignan (against Swiss allies of Italy). [...]
[...] Besides, it was not always hereditary and could be elective (Holy Roman Empire, the Pope's authority . etc) There were also Republics (Venice, Genoa, the Swiss Cantons or the United Provinces) Whatever the form of government of European states in the 16th century, there was in each of them a form of representation of the territory vis-à-vis the ruler (States General in France and the Netherlands, Cortes in Hispanic countries, etc.) Towards new practices of power Appearance of courts (aulic phenomenon): to win the loyalty of aristocratic lineages and consolidate their power, it was necessary on the one hand to keep these great nobles close by distributing them rewards and offices and on the other hand to make the court an instrument of monarchical government by exalting the centrality of the sovereign. [...]
[...] Europe was therefore divided between Protestants and Catholics; it was the end of the religious unity of Western Europe. Renaissance The Renaissance is a historical period marked by profound intellectual and artistic transformations, breaking with the Middle Ages. During this period, a new way of thinking about Human appeared: Humanism. "Renaissance" is a word that comes from the Italian term Rinascita, first used in the 14th century. Origins In 1453, Constantinople finally fell under the pressure of the Ottoman Janissaries. [...]
[...] And there was no lack of money. The European expansion in the world The "Great Discoveries" Christopher Columbus discovered America on October We talk about discovery for him and not for others before because the installations there were durable and the information about the "New World" circulated well. Speaking of discovery, we favor a European point of view. Spices, Gold and God: Motors of the Voyages of Exploration Although reminiscent of the great voyages of the 13th century, the expeditions of the 15th century stood out in many aspects. [...]
[...] War of Spanish Succession (1702-1715): a European fight for Spanish inheritance The Spanish inheritance : Spain Southern Italy The Spanish Low Countries (today's Belgium) South America, its gold and its market for slaves, and the Philippines Opposed : The French King (Philip of Anjou, crowned as Philip grandson of Louis XIV) - Allies: Spain . The Habsburg of Austria (the archduke Charles, crowned as Charles III, younger brother ofthe future Emperor) - Allies : England then Britain, the United Provinces, Prussia, Portugal, and Spain The 18th century: new players and new motives The main conflicts of the 18th century in Europe War of the Polish Succession (1733-38) - Russia and Austria vs France and Spain War of American Independence (1776-1783) - Britain VS American colonies, France, Spain, United Provinces What changed in the 18th century? [...]
APA Style reference
For your bibliographyOnline reading
with our online readerContent validated
by our reading committee
